Matt Roser L1

Question 1

What is the difference between the sagittal, coronal, and horizontal planes?

Answer 1

s = side to side
c = front to back
h = top to bottom

Question 2

What is the front part of the brain recognised as?

Answer 2

Rostral or Anterior

Question 3

What is the back part of the brain recognised as?

Answer 3

Caudal or posterior

Question 4

What are the sides of the brain recognised as?

Answer 4

medial or lateral

Question 5

What is the top of the brain recognised as?

Answer 5

Dorsal or superior

Question 6

What is the bottom of the brain recognised as?

Answer 6

Ventral or inferior

Question 7

What is a fissure?

Answer 7

A really deep sulcus

Question 8

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

Answer 8

Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

Question 9

Name the cortexes in the frontal lobe:

Answer 9

prefrontal, premotor and primary motor

Question 10

Name the cortexes in the parietal lobe:

Answer 10

Primary somatosensory and somatosensory association

Question 11

Name the cortexes in the occipital lobe:

Answer 11

Visual association and primary visual

Question 12

Name the cortexes in the temporal lobe:

Answer 12

Auditory association and primary auditory (hidden)

Question 13

What is the endocrine system responsible for?

Answer 13

Hormone release throughout the body, from cells located in various organs (Stomach, intestines, kidneys and brain)

Question 14

What are hormones?

Answer 14

Chemical signals which cause long-term changes in state e.g. adrenaline and insulin.

Question 15

What is the endocrine system controlled by?

Answer 15

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain

Question 16

Causes of brain damage (6):

Answer 16

Trauma, Stroke (vascular accidents), Tumors, Degenerative/infectious diseases, Epilepsy/neuropsychiatric disorders and neurosurgery

Question 17

Name 5 common neuropsychological deficits

Answer 17

Agnosia (attaching appropriate meaning to object-sense data), aphasia (language), apraxia (action), amnesia (mnemonic ability) and ataxia (coordination)

Question 18

What is a selective deficit?

Answer 18

A deficit in one function without deficits in others

Question 19

What should behavioural testing tell us about a patient’s deficits?

Answer 19

What function is compromised and what functions are spared.

Question 20

What is a limitation of single dissociation?

Answer 20

Performance might be affected by a different factor than the one being tested

Question 21

Why are double dissociations better than single dissociations?

Answer 21

Rules out the generic difficulty of tasks etc.

Question 22

What are the limitations of patient studies? (5)

Answer 22

Assumption of modularity (plasticity + processes), lesions are extensive and varied (lack of pure deficits/same legions/recuperative history), Lesions don’t tell the whole story, individual differences in functional anatomy, poor temporal resolution and experimental control.

Question 23

What are the benefits of patients studies? (4)

Answer 23

Show areas of necessary cognitive functions (double dissociation), show consequences of deficits, cost and time effective

Question 24

How can lesion studies pool results?

Answer 24

Using lesion overlay maps

Question 25

What is an MRI's magnetic field noted as?

Answer 25

B0

Question 26

When protons are under B0, what happens to them?

Answer 26

They align parallel or antiparallel to the force, with a small majority aligning with B0.

Question 27

What is B0 defined as?

Answer 27

Net magnetisation vector

Question 28

Protons spin, what is this otherwise known as?

Answer 28

procession or nuclear spin

Question 29

How can the speed/frequency of a proton's axial spin be calculated?

Answer 29

Larmor equation

Question 30

When a proton is under the influence of an MRI machine, what does a pulse do?

Answer 30

It disrupts the proton and forces it into a 90 or 180-degree alignment

Question 31

When a radio frequency pulse is turned off, what happens to a proton?

Answer 31

The proton realigns with the magnetic field and releases electromagnetic energy which the MRI detects

Question 32

How does an MRI differentiate between different tissues?

Answer 32

By measuring how quickly protons release electromagnetic energy after a pulse is turned off

Question 33

What is mapping secondary-order structures?

Answer 33

Looking at sulcal/gyral symmetry between both sides of the brain

Question 34

What can MRIs measure over time?

Answer 34

grey matter volume and commissural myelination

Question 35

What does BOLD stand for?

Answer 35

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent

Question 36

Steps of BOLD response (5):

Answer 36

- Neural activity increases - Initial dip in haemodynamic response function (HRF) - Blood flow overcompensates - Blood flow peaks after about 6 seconds - returns to baseline

Question 37

What happens to cortical regions that offer increased signal, and why do they offer it?

Answer 37

They receive greater blood flow and show stronger signal due to different magnetic properties

Question 38

What are two assumptions of cognitive subtraction experiments?

Answer 38

You can insert a component process without disruption and that task difficulty is constant

Question 39

What FMRI uncovered? (3)

Answer 39

- Identified functional areas such as the fusiform face area + anterior cingulate. - Corroborated findings from other methods - Allowed study of localised function for undamaged brains

Question 40

What are the new directions of FMRI? (2)

Answer 40

Functional-connectivity analyses - correlation between activations in different areas Dynamic causal modelling - which best fits observed data

Question 41

The Brodman-area map is a map of brain regions as defined by their?

Answer 41

Cytoarchitecture

Question 42

What is the lateral fissure called?

Answer 42

The Sylvian fissure

Question 43

To find activity in the brain specific to the processing of faces we could contrast what?

Answer 43

Viewing faces vs viewing pictures of scrambled faces

Question 44

What do blobs of colour in an FMRI paper represent?

Answer 44

Areas in which signal change was significantly predicted by the model of the task

Question 45

Evidence of dissociability of two cognitive components is weakened by what? (2)

Answer 45

Individual variance in cognitive performance and individual variance in lesion and injury extent

Question 46

One benefit of the lesion method in human participants?

Answer 46

Can reveal unexpected insights through observation - patients in everyday life