Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MBS 217 > MBS 217 Lecture 11 > Flashcards

MBS 217 Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Define nutrient

A

a substance in food that promotes normal growth, maintenance, and repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Major nutrients

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Food equals energy

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Energy can be derived from

A

Protein
Carbohydrates
Fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Types of carbs

A

Starch (complex carbohydrates) in grains and vegetables

Sugars in fruits, sugarcane, sugar beets, honey and milk

Insoluble fiber: cellulose in vegetables; provides roughage

Soluble fiber: pectin in apples and citrus fruits; reduces blood cholesterol levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Glucose is the fuel used by cells to make

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What relies on glucose

A

Neurons and red blood cells (RBCs) rely almost entirely upon glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Excess glucose is converted to

A

glycogen or fat and stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Triglycerides

A

Saturated fats in meat, dairy foods, and tropical oils

Unsaturated fats in seeds, nuts, olive oil, and most vegetable oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Linoleic and linolenic acid, found in most vegetable oils

Must be ingested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Essential uses of lipids in the body

A

Help absorb fat-soluble vitamins

Major fuel of hepatocytes and skeletal muscle

Phospholipids are essential in myelin sheaths and all cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Functions of fatty deposits (adipose tissue)

A

Protective cushions around body organs

Insulating layer beneath the skin

Concentrated source of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Regulatory functions of prostaglandins

A

Smooth muscle contraction

Inflammation

Control of blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Functions of cholesterol

A

Stabilizes membranes

Precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Structural materials:

A

keratin, collagen, elastin, muscle proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Use of amino acids in the body

A

All-or-none rule
Adequacy of caloric intake
Nitrogen balance
Hormonal controls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

All-or-none rule

A

All amino acids needed must be present for protein synthesis to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Adequacy of caloric intake

A

Protein will be used as fuel if there is insufficient carbohydrate or fat available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nitrogen balance

A

State where the rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of breakdown and loss

Positive if synthesis exceeds breakdown (normal in children and tissue repair)

Negative if breakdown exceeds synthesis (e.g., stress, burns, infection, or injury)

20
Q

Hormonal controls

A

Anabolic hormones (GH, sex hormones) accelerate protein synthesis

21
Q

What do Vitamins function as

A

coenzymes

22
Q

Which vitamins have been made in the body?

A

Vitamins D, some B, and K are synthesized in the body

23
Q

Two types of vitamins based on solubility

A

Water-soluble vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins

24
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

B complex and C are absorbed with water

B12 absorption requires intrinsic factor

Not stored in the body

25
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, and K are absorbed with lipid digestion products

Stored in the body, except for vitamin K

Vitamins A, C, and E act as antioxidants
Prevent oxidative damage

26
Q

Seven required minerals

A

Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and magnesium

27
Q

How to prevent toxic overload

A

Uptake and excretion must be balanced

28
Q

What do minerals do

A

Work with nutrients to ensure proper body functioning

29
Q

Define metabolism

A

Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions in an organism
Biochemical reactions inside cells involving nutrients

30
Q

Cellular Metabolism

A

Includes all chemical reactions within cells

Provides energy to maintain homeostasis and perform essential functions

31
Q

Essential Functions of metabolism

A

Metabolic turnover:
Periodic replacement of cell’s organic components

Growth and cell division

Special processes, such as secretion, contraction, and the propagation of action potentials

32
Q

Two types of metabolic reactions

A

Anabolism: synthesis of large molecules from small ones (Building up)

Catabolism: hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones (Breaking down)

33
Q

Cellular respiration

A

catabolism of food fuels and capture of energy to form ATP in cells

34
Q

phosphorylation

A

Enzymes shift high-energy phosphate groups of ATP to other molecules

35
Q

Why are phosphorylated molecules activated

A

to perform cellular functions

36
Q

Stages of Metabolism

A

Digestion, absorption and transport to tissues

Cellular processing (in cytoplasm)
Synthesis of lipids, proteins, and glycogen, or
Catabolism (glycolysis) into intermediates

Oxidative (mitochondrial) breakdown of intermediates into CO2, water, and ATP

37
Q

Oxidation

A

gain of oxygen
lose electrons and energy

38
Q

Reduced substances

A

gain electrons and energy

39
Q

Coenzymes

A

NAD+ - reduced to NADH
FAD - reduced to FADH2

40
Q

ATP Synthesis

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation

41
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

phosphate groups directly transferred from phosphorylated substrates (high energy intermediates) to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to synthesise ATP

42
Q

glycolysis occurs in
Krebs cycle occurs in

A

(in cytoplasm)
Mitochondria

43
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Production of ATP from the oxidized NADH and FADH2

Made up of two components: electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

44
Q

Chemiosmotic process

A

Couples the movement of substances across a membrane to chemical reactions
Carried out by electron transport proteins
Nutrient energy is used to create H+ gradient across mitochondrial membrane
H+ flows through ATP synthase
Energy is captured and attaches phosphate groups to ADP

45
Q

Glucose is catabolized in three pathways

A

Glycolysis

Krebs cycle

Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

MBS 217 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions