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MBS 217 > MBS Lecture 2 > Flashcards

MBS Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the size of a typical cell

A

0,1 mm

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2
Q

When was the invention of the telescope

A

17th century

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3
Q

Who inspected thin slides of cork

A

ROBERT HOOKE

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4
Q

What did Robert Hooke discover?

A

millions of small, irregular units

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5
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  • All cells come from a division of pre-existing cells
  • Cells are the building blocks for plants and animals
  • Cells are the smallest unit that perform all vital physiological functions
  • Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level. Homeostasis at the level of the tissue, organ, organ system, and organism reflects the combined and coordinated action of many cells
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6
Q

What are cells surrounded by?

A

A watery medium, extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid)

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6
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

Separates the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid

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7
Q

What is inside the cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol

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8
Q

What is inside the cytosol?

A

Organelles

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9
Q

What are intracellular structure?

A

Organelles

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10
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

Physical isolation
- Barrier

Regulates exchange with environment
- Ions and nutrients enter
- Wastes eliminated and cellular products released

Monitors the environment
- Extracellular fluid composition
- Chemical signals

Structural support
- Anchors cells and tissues

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11
Q

What is inside the plasma membrane?

A

Membrane lipids, proteins and carbohydrates

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12
Q

What are membrane lipids?

A

Double layer phospholipid molecules

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13
Q

What do phospholipid molecules contain?

A

Hydrophylic and hydrophobic heads

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14
Q

What do hydrophilic heads do?

A

They move toward watery environment, both sides

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15
Q

What do hydrophobic tails do?

A

They are fatty acid tails that are inside the membrane
They are a barrier to ions and water—soluble compounds

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16
Q

Which is polar?

A

The hydrophilic (polar) head is soluble in water

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17
Q

Which is nonpolar?

A

They have two hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails are not. A tail
has a kink wherever there is an unsaturated bond.

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18
Q

What do phospholipids form?

A

Phospholipids form a bilayer that serves as the major
component of a cell’s plasma membrane. The fluidity of the
plasma membrane is due to kinks in the phospholipids’
tails

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19
Q

Types of Membrane proteins:

A

Integral and Peripheral

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20
Q

Where are Integral and Peripheral Proteins?

A

Within the membrane

Bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane

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21
Q

What are the different types of proteins?

A

Anchoring proteins (stabilizers)
- Attach to inside or outside structures

Recognition proteins (identifiers)
- Label cells as normal or abnormal

Enzymes
- Catalyze reactions

Receptor proteins
- Bind and respond to ligands (ions, hormones)

Carrier proteins
- Transport specific solutes through membrane

Channels
- Regulate water flow and solutes through membrane

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22
Q

What are the most important abundant organic

molecules?

A

Proteins

23
Q

What do proteins contain?

A

Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N)

24
Q

How many basic building blocks do proteins
have

A

20 amino acids

25
Q

What are the 7 major protein functions?

A

Support
- Structural proteins

Movement
- Contractile proteins

Transport
- Transport (carrier) proteins

Buffering
- Regulation of pH

Metabolic regulation
- Enzymes

Coordination and control
- Hormones

Defense
- Antibodies

26
Q

What is the structure of proteins?

A

Long chains of amino acids
Amino acid structure: Central carbon atom, Hydrogen
atom, Amino group (—NH2), Carboxylic acid group
(—COOH), Variable side chain or R group

27
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino Acids

28
Q

What do all amino acids have in common?

A

The acidic carboxyl group

29
Q

What distinguishes amino acids?

A

The different R groups, which gives each amino acid its own chemical properties

30
Q

What are Proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids made of?

A

Pro+carbs - Carbs+Pro - Carbs+lipids

31
Q

Where are they found?

A

They extend outside cell membrane

32
Q

What do they form?

A

They form sticky “sugar coat” (glycocalyx)

33
Q

What are the functions of glycocalyx?

A

Lubrication, Protection, Anchoring, Locomotion, Specificity in binding (receptors) and Recognition (immune response)

34
Q

What are Lipids?

A

Mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes

35
Q

What atoms are lipids made of?

A

They are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms

36
Q

What do fatty acids contain?

A

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxylic acid group (COOH) at one end

37
Q

Are fatty acids polar or nonpolar?

A

They are relatively nonpolar, except the carboxylic group

38
Q

What can fatty acids be?

A

Saturated or unsaturated

39
Q

Saturated

A

They have hydrogen (no covalent bonds)

40
Q

Unsaturated

A

(one or more double bonds):
- monounsaturated = one double bond
- polyunsaturated = two or more double bonds

41
Q

What do Phospholipids and Glycolipids have?

A

Diglycerides attached to either a phosphate group (phospholipid) or a sugar (glycolipid)

42
Q

What do BOTH Phospholipids and Glycolipids have?

A

They generally, both have hydrophilic heads and
hydrophobic tails and are structural lipids, components of plasma (cell) membranes

43
Q

Where are Organelles and cytoplasm found?

A

Inside the cell and outside the nucleus

44
Q

What does the cytosol do?

A

Dissolved materials: nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste

45
Q

What nutrients are in the cytosol

A

High potassium/low sodium
High protein
High carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat

46
Q

What are organelles?

A

Structures with specific functions

47
Q

What are nonmembranous organelles?

A
  • No membrane
  • Direct contact with cytosol
  • Includes the cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, and proteasomes
48
Q

What are membranous organelles?

A
  • Covered with plasma membrane
  • Isolated from cytosol
  • Includes the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Golgi
    apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria
49
Q

Example of a nonmembranous organelle:

A

The cytoskeleton

50
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

They are structural proteins for shape and strength

51
Q

Types of cytoskeleton:

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

52
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Thin filaments composed of the protein actin

53
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A
  • Provide additional mechanical strength
  • Interact with proteins for consistency
  • Pair with thick filaments of myosin for muscle
    movement
54
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A
  • Provide strength
  • Stabilize position of other organelles
55
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A
  • Provide cell strength, rigidity; anchor organelles
  • Alter shape of cell; assist in cell movement
  • Align and move organelles within the cell
  • Form the mitotic apparatus for cell division
  • Form centrioles, cilia, and flagella

MBS 217 (7 decks)

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