MCAT Psych #5

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

the purpose, or driving force, behind our actions.

Can be directed toward minimizing pain, maximizing pleasure, or rooted in a physical need such as eating.

Question 2

compare intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Answer 2

 Extrinsic motivation: external forces coming from outside oneself. Can include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved.
• Working hard for your boss at work.
 Intrinsic motivation: motivation that comes from within yourself. This can be driven by interest in a task or pure enjoyment.
• Ex: a student is interested in the work so he studies it, compared to extrinsic grades.
 Ex: children were allowed to draw and then were told about getting a gold start or not.
• Not told: just drew for fun  intrinsic
• Told: spent less time drawing  extrinsic

Question 3

intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

motivation that comes from within yourself. This can be driven by interest in a task or pure enjoyment. You do something because it brings you joy.
• Ex: a student is interested in the work so he studies it, compared to extrinsic grades.

Question 4

extrinsic motivation

Answer 4

external forces coming from outside oneself. Can include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved.
• Working hard for your boss at work.

Question 5

What are the primary views of motivation

Answer 5

instinct theory
arousal theory
drive reduction theory
need-based theories (maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theory)

incentive theory
expectance value theory

Question 6

instinct theory

Answer 6

early attempts to understand the basis of motivation.
 Instincts: innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli. (can be consistent through life or disappear)
• Ex: wolves follow the leader of their pack or defend their territory
• Ex: children suck on their thumbs
Theory: people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts.
• Some people believed that these instincts motivated people to do things.
• Others believed they could be overridden by experience.

Question 7

insticts

Answer 7

innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli. (can be consistent through life or disappear)
• Ex: wolves follow the leader of their pack or defend their territory
• Ex: children suck on their thumbs

Question 8

arousal theory

Answer 8

people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal: seeking to either increase or decrease arousal so that it hits their optimal level.
 Arousal: the psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimulus
 Yerkes-Dodson law: postulates a U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance.
• Performance is best at an optimal arousal level and it is worst at extremely high or low levels of arousal.
• Different levels of arousal are more beneficial for certain tasks.

Question 9

arousal

Answer 9

the psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimulus

Question 10

Yerkes Dodson law

Answer 10

postulates a U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance.
• Performance is best at an optimal arousal level and it is worst at extremely high or low levels of arousal.
• Different levels of arousal are more beneficial for certain tasks (a task you are good at you will do very well with maximum arousal)

Question 11

cognition vs behavior

Answer 11

Cognitive: subjective interpretation of an emotion
Behavior: facial expressions and body language

Question 12

left frontal lobe is associated with _______ feelings

Answer 12

positive

Question 13

right frontal lobe is associated with ________ feelings

Answer 13

negative

Question 14

primary appraisal

Answer 14

determine if there is a stressor at all

Question 15

avoiding a stressor is considered a _______ response to the stressor

Answer 15

maladaptive

Question 16

drive reduction theory

Answer 16

explains that motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable state.
 Drives: internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals.
 Drives are thought to originate within an individual without external factors.
 Help humans survive by creating an uncomfortable state, ensuring motivation to eliminate this state or to relieve the internal tension created by the unmet needs.
• Primary drives: include the need for food, water, and warmth, motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis.
o Homeostasis: the regulation of the internal environment to maintain an optimal, stable set of conditions.
 Controlled by negative feedback loops.
• Ex: thermostat
• Ex: hormones in the body. Many hormones are regulated by three-organ axes.
• Secondary Drives: additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes and are thought to stem from learning.

Question 17

drives

Answer 17

internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals.
 Drives are thought to originate within an individual without external factors.
 Help humans survive by creating an uncomfortable state, ensuring motivation to eliminate this state or to relieve the internal tension created by the unmet needs.

primary and secondary drives

Question 18

primary drives

Answer 18

include the need for food, water, and warmth, motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis.
o Homeostasis: the regulation of the internal environment to maintain an optimal, stable set of conditions.
 Controlled by negative feedback loops.
• Ex: thermostat
• Ex: hormones in the body. Many hormones are regulated by three-organ axes.

motivate us to sustain necessary biological processes

Question 19

secondary drives

Answer 19

additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes and are thought to stem from learning.

nonbioloigical, emotional, or ‘learned’ desires

Question 20

need based theories

Answer 20

 Needs: motivators that influence human behavior.
• Motivation is how we allocate our energy and resources to best satisfy these needs. Motivation thus determines which behaviors are most important to pursue, how much effort will be taken, and for how long the effort will be maintained.
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: certain needs will yield a greater influence on our motivation
• Levels: physiological (highest priority, food), safety (body, employment), love/belonging (friendship, family), esteem (confidence), self-actualization (morality, creativity)
• If the lowest level of need is not met, motivation to meet that need will be the highest priority.
 Self-determination theory (SDT): SDT emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, the need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas; competence, the need to complete and excel at different tasks; and relatedness, the need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships.
• Must meet these needs to develop healthy relationships with oneself and others.

Question 21

needs

Answer 21

: motivators that influence human behavior.

• Motivation is how we allocate our energy and resources to best satisfy these needs.

Question 22

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 22

certain needs will yield a greater influence on our motivation
• Levels: physiological (highest priority, food), safety (body, employment), love/belonging (friendship, family), esteem (confidence), self-actualization (morality, creativity)
• If the lowest level of need is not met, motivation to meet that need will be the highest priority.

Question 23

self determination theory

Answer 23

SDT emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, the need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas; competence, the need to complete and excel at different tasks; and relatedness, the need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships.
• Must meet these needs to develop healthy relationships with oneself and others.

autonomy
competence
relatedness

Question 24

incentive theory

Answer 24

explains that behavior is motivated not by need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments.

Question 25

expectance-value theory

Answer 25

states that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he or she values succeeding at the goal.

Question 26

opponent-process theory

Answer 26

when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing physiology. Long after the drug is gone, the physiological changes persist  withdrawal.  Tolerance: a decrease in perceived drug effect over time.

Question 27

sexual motivation

Answer 27

o Studies done to determine if sociocultural backgrounds determine what behaviors people are participating in, how often, and when they start. o Men and women experience similar physiological responses. o Humans are motivated to sexual behavior by hormones. o Cognition, culture and society influence also play a role.

Question 28

emotion

Answer 28

a natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationship with others.

Question 29

what are the three elements of emotion

Answer 29

physiological response behavioral response cognitive response

Question 30

physiological response

Answer 30

when a feeling is experienced, arousal is stimulated by the autonomic NS.  Changes in heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, etc.  May be hard to detect in everyday life.

Question 31

behavioral response

Answer 31

facial expressions and body language |  There are certain signals that are recognized as happy or sad

Question 32

cognitive response

Answer 32

subjective interpretation of the feeling being expressed. |  Determination of one’s emotion is based on past experiences and perception of the cause of the emotion.

Question 33

what are the universal emotions according to MCAT

Answer 33

(7) fear, anger, happiness, surprise, joy, disgust, and sadness

Question 34

darwin and emotions

Answer 34

o Darwin argued that all humans evolved the same set of facial muscles to show the same expressions when communicating emotion, regardless of society and culture.  Cultural dissimilarities in emotional experience include varying reactions to similar events, differences in the emotional experience itself, the behavior exhibited in response to an emotion, and the perception of that emotion by others within the society.

Question 35

What are the theories of emotion

Answer 35

Originally believed that first came perception of emotion, then physiological response, then behavioral response. James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory Schachter-Singer Theory

Question 36

James-Lange Theory

Answer 36

nervous system arousal ==> conscious emotion a stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labelled.  Predicts that individuals who cannot mount a sympathetic response, like patients with spinal cord injuries, would feel less emotion”  false.

Question 37

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 37

NS arousal + conscious emotion ==> action the cognitive and physiological components of emotion occur simultaneously and result in the behavioral component of emotion  Does not explain the vagus nerve which is a cranial nerve that functions as a feedback system, conveying information from the peripheral organs back to the CNS.

Question 38

James-Lange Theory

Answer 38

nervous system arousal ==> conscious emotion a stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labelled.  “I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high”  Predicts that individuals who cannot mount a sympathetic response, like patients with spinal cord injuries, would feel less emotion”  false.

Question 39

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 39

NS arousal + conscious emotion ==> action the cognitive and physiological components of emotion occur simultaneously and result in the behavioral component of emotion  Does not explain the vagus nerve which is a cranial nerve that functions as a feedback system, conveying information from the peripheral organs back to the CNS.  “I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing… let me out of here.”

Question 40

Schachter-Singer Theory

Answer 40

NS arousal + cognitive appraisal ==> conscious emotion both arousal and labelling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced  “I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy”  Element of cognitive appraisal: to feel an emotion, one must consciously analyze the environment in relation to nervous system arousal.  Experiment: a subject experiencing physiological arousal with no explanation or with misleading explanation will attribute the arousal to the surrounding environment, and label herself as happy or angry based on the behavior of the actor. • Environment that encourages emotion + arousal = created emotion

Question 41

what is the most important part of the brain for emotion

Answer 41

limbic system o It is a complex set of structures that reside below the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus. o Consists of the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and fornix, septal nuclei, and parts of the cerebral cortex.

Question 42

what are the components of the limbic system

Answer 42

Consists of the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and fornix, septal nuclei, and parts of the cerebral cortex.

Question 43

amygdala

Answer 43

small round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions. Processes environment to produce emotion. Plays a role in fear. Interpretation of facial expressions.

Question 44

explicit vs. implicit memory

Answer 44

The explicit memory is the story of the event: what happened, where, who, the fact that it was traumatic. It is remembering that you were happy at a specific time. Memory about emotions rather than stored emotions. ==> hippocampus Implicit: storage of the actual feelings of emotions associated with an event. Sensations of unease and anxiety when put back into a similar environment. ==> amygdala

Question 45

thalamus and emotion

Answer 45

preliminary sensory processing station and routes info to the cortex and other parts of the brain.

Question 46

hypothalamus and emotion

Answer 46

located below the thalamus, dictates emotional states by modulating emotion through specific neurotransmitter release.

Question 47

hippocampus and emotion

Answer 47

located within the temporal lobe, is important for creating long term memories. Storage and retrieval of emotional memories.  Explicit memory: the memory of experiencing actual emotion.

Question 48

prefrontal cortex and emotion

Answer 48

the anterior portion of the frontal lobes and is associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions.  Receives arousal input from the brainstem, coordinating arousal and cognitive state.  Dorsal prefrontal cortex: attention and cognition  Ventral prefrontal cortex: connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion. • Ventromedial prefrontal cortex: substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala.

Question 49

dorsal prefrontal cortex and emotion

Answer 49

attention and cognition

Question 50

ventral prefrontal cortex and emotion

Answer 50

connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion. • Ventromedial prefrontal cortex: substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala.

Question 51

ventromedial preforntal cortex and emotion

Answer 51

substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala.

Question 52

autonomic nervous system and emotion

Answer 52

specific physiologic reactions are associated with specific emotion.  Skin temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure are all affected when experiencing emotion.  All of these can be more or less associated with a particular emotion.

Question 53

stress

Answer 53

Defined as our response to challenging events: be they physical, emotional, cognitive, or behavioral.

Question 54

Cognitive Appraisal of Stress

Answer 54

the subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress. o Primary Appraisal: the initial evaluation of the environment and the associated threat.  Can be identified as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful. o Secondary Appraisal: if primary appraisal reveals a threat. Directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress.  Evaluates 3 things: • Harm, or damage caused by the event • Threat, or potential for future damage caused by the event • Challenge, or the potential to overcome and possibly benefit from the event o Some situations require ongoing monitoring through constant reappraisal.

Question 55

Primary Appraisal

Answer 55

Cognitive Appraisal of Stress the initial evaluation of the environment and the associated threat.  Can be identified as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful.

Question 56

secondary appraisal

Answer 56

Cognitive Appraisal of stress if primary appraisal reveals a threat, this step is directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress.  Evaluates 3 things: • Harm, or damage caused by the event • Threat, or potential for future damage caused by the event • Challenge, or the potential to overcome and possibly benefit from the event

Question 57

reappraisal

Answer 57

cognitive appraisal of stress Some situations require ongoing monitoring through constant reappraisal. Ex: being followed

Question 58

stressor

Answer 58

a biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response.

Question 59

Examples of stressors

Answer 59

 Includes environmental factors (too hot), daily events (being late), workplace or academic settings (assignment), social expectations (behavior around family), chemical and biological stressors (diet, alcohol)

Question 60

eustress

Answer 60

result of positive conditions. While it is positive, person must adapt. • Life events such as graduating college,

Question 61

distress

Answer 61

occurs when experiencing an unpleasant stressor

Question 62

social readjustment rating scale

Answer 62

measures stress in life change units.

Question 63

psychological stress

Answer 63

pressure, control, frustration (obtaining a goal is prevented), conflict, predictability (lower predictability increases stress).  Conflict: the need to make a choice increases stress • Approach-approach (two desirable options) • Avoidance-avoidance (two negative options) • Approach-avoidance: one choice but the result can be positive or negative.

Question 64

approach-approach conflict stress

Answer 64

psychological stress making a choice | 2 desirable options

Question 65

avoidance avoidance conflict stress

Answer 65

psychological stress making a choice | 2 negative options

Question 66

approach-avoidance conflict stress

Answer 66

one choice but the result can have both positive or negative elements. Ex: job promotion comes with more money but more work.

Question 67

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 67

the sequence of physiological responses • 1. Alarm: the initial reaction to a stressor and the activation of the sympathetic NS o Lots of hypothalamus stimulation of things. • 2. Resistance: the continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic NS to remain engaged to fight the stressor. • 3. Exhaustion: the body can no longer maintain an elevated response with the sympathetic NS activity. Individuals become more susceptible to illness and medical conditions.

Question 68

what is the sequence of physiological responses to stress according to the general adaptation syndrome

Answer 68

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Question 69

emotional and behavioral responses to stress

Answer 69

 Sustained stress can take a psychological toll.  Can affect mood: irritability, moody, helpless.  Behavior: aggression, withdrawing from others.

Question 70

coping and stress management

Answer 70

 Problem-focused strategies: working to overcome a stressor, such as reaching out to family and friends for social support and confronting the issue head on.  Emotionally focused strategies: center on changing one’s feelings about a stressor, such as taking responsibility for the issue and engaging in self-control.  Can also do stress management: exercise.

Question 71

problem focused strategies dealing with stress

Answer 71

working to overcome a stressor, such as reaching out to family and friends for social support and confronting the issue head on.

Question 72

emotionally focused strategies dealing with stress

Answer 72

: center on changing one’s feelings about a stressor, such as taking responsibility for the issue and engaging in self-control.

Question 73

emotionally focused strategies dealing with stress

Answer 73

center on changing one’s feelings about a stressor, such as taking responsibility for the issue and engaging in self-control.

Question 74

what types of tasks require high arousal for optimum performance (Yerkes-Dodson)?

Answer 74

activities that require physical endurance and stamina, simple tasks

Question 75

what types of tasks require low arousal for optimum performance (Yerkes-Dodson)?

Answer 75

cognitive tasks

Question 76

homeostasis

Answer 76

the regulation of the internal environment to maintain an optimal, stable set of conditions

Question 77

homeostasis is usually controlled by _____

Answer 77

negative feedback loops. Ex: leptin and ghrelin with hunger

Question 78

primary drives are those that motivate us to ______. Secondary drives are those that motivate us to fulfill _____.

Answer 78

sustain necessary biological processes | nonbiological, emotional, or learned behaviors.

Question 79

compare the types of arousal that lead to highest performance of the following categories: cognitive, physical performance, simple task, complex ask

Answer 79

cognitive: low arousal necessary physical performance: high arousal necessary simple task: high level necessary complex task: low level necessary

Question 80

what are secondary drives in the drive reduction theory thought to stem from?

Answer 80

learning

Question 81

drive reduction theory is also thought to tie into learning in ______ situations

Answer 81

behavioral conditioning individuals are trying to alleviate their internal feeling by doing the behavior.

Question 82

what are the 3 needs of self determination theory?

Answer 82

autonomy competence relatedness

Question 83

what are the different levels of maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Answer 83

``` self actualization esteem love/belonging safety physiological ```

Question 84

what are the 4 primary factors that influence motivation?

Answer 84

needs, arousal, instincts, drives

Question 85

what is the theory of motivation that explains continuous drug use?

Answer 85

opponent process theory

Question 86

how is drug use affected by cultural and demographic factors?

Answer 86

if the drugs are used in the setting you live in then you are more likely to use as well.

Question 87

opponent-process theory also explains ____ to a drug

Answer 87

tolerance

Question 88

the symptoms of withdrawal are oftentimes the ______ effects of taking the drug

Answer 88

opposite this is because the body has made physiological changes to deal with the drug but now the drug is no longer presented so the body kind of overcompensates ==> withdrawal.

Question 89

With regards to sexual motivation, there is a strong correlation between ____ and sexual desire

Answer 89

hormone concentration

Question 90

does culture have an effect on sexual behavior?

Answer 90

yes, they influence the desire for sexual interaction or lack of it through what is deemed normative or appropriate.

Question 91

what motivates humans sexuall?

Answer 91

social and cultural factors, physiological responses to situations.

Question 92

compare drives and needs

Answer 92

drives: internal states of tension or discomfort needs: factors necessary for physiological functioning or emotional fulfillment.

Question 93

which needs have the highest priority in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Answer 93

``` physiological needs (bottom of the pyramid) must satisfy these needs first. ```

Question 94

apathetic

Answer 94

showing or feeling no interest, enthusiasm, or concern.

Question 95

what is Darwin's opinion on emotions?

Answer 95

made the argument that emotions are a result of evolution and thus emotions and their corresponding expressions are universal.

Question 96

discuss emotions and culture

Answer 96

it is argued that emotions can vary by culture: different emotional experiences to certain things or reactions.

Question 97

before any of the 3 theories of emotion, what did early psychologists believe?

Answer 97

they believed that: stimulus => perception of negative stimulus => physiological arousal => behavior

Question 98

why was the james-lange theory incorrect?

Answer 98

by extension, it stated that in order to have an emotion there must be feedback from the peripheral NS. However, in spinal cord injury patients, they still expressed emotion, so this pathway could not be the case.

Question 99

what is a quote from all 3 theories of emotion that is helpful for learning?

Answer 99

- James-Lange: "I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high" - Cannon-Bard: "I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing.. let me out of here" - Shacter-Singer: "I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy"

Question 100

why is the cannon-bard theory criticized?

Answer 100

it fails to take into account he vagus cranial nerve that functions as a feedback system, conveying info from the peripheral organs back to the CNS.

Question 101

what are other names for the Schacter-Singer theory of emotion?

Answer 101

cognitive arousal theory | two-factor theory

Question 102

explain the Schachter-Singer Experiment

Answer 102

gave people epinephrine or placebo told them or did not tell them about the drug and manipulated external cues the misinformed and ignorant groups showed the greatest emotion because they attributed their physiological arousal to the surrounding environment.

Question 103

lazarus theory of emotion

Answer 103

lazarus labels first labelling cognition (cognitive appraisal) ==> physiological response + conscious emotion

Question 104

what are the components of the limbic system?

Answer 104

amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, fornix, septal nuclei, parts of the cerebral cortex

Question 105

what brain structures control implicit and explicit memory?

Answer 105

explicit: hippocampus implicit: amygdala

Question 106

Explain implicit and explicit memory of emotions in terms of PTSD

Answer 106

explicit: the memory of the store of the event: who was there what happened and where it occurred implicit: the sensations of unease and anxiety when put back in a similar environment

Question 107

compare retrieval of emotional memories for explicit and implicit memory?

Answer 107

explicit: conscious memory of the emotional event implicit: expression of emotional responses.

Question 108

which hemisphere of the brain is more active when discerning facial expression?

Answer 108

the right

Question 109

compare negative and positive emotions to the prefrontal cortex that is responsible for them

Answer 109

right: negative left: positive

Question 110

the dorsal prefrontal cortex is associated with _______ while the ventral prefrontal cortex connects with regions of the brain responsible for _____

Answer 110

attention and cognition | emotion

Question 111

what is the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?

Answer 111

play a substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala

Question 112

In the cognitive appraisal model of stress, what leads from primary appraisal to secondary appraisal?

Answer 112

If primary appraisal reveals a threat, secondary appraisal begins

Question 113

What is benign-positive appraisal of the environment?

Answer 113

A benign-positive appraisal refers to an instance where one's appraisal of an event leads to positive beliefs. These positive beliefs actually enhance positive feelings and/or functioning.

Question 114

In the cognitive appraisal theory of stress, individuals who perceive themselves as having the ability to cope with the event experience ____

Answer 114

less stress

Question 115

what is an example of a chemical or biological stressor?

Answer 115

diet, alcohol

Question 116

can a positive stressor lead to stress?

Answer 116

yes, any event requiring a person to change or adapt his or lifestyle leads to stress

Question 117

give an example of a psychological stressor

Answer 117

unable to control one's environment, pressure placed by society to behave a certain way

Question 118

describe the alarm step of the general adaptation syndrome

Answer 118

initial response, activation of the sympathetic NS, epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla and cortisol from the adrenal cortex

Question 119

describe the resistance step of the general adaptation syndrome

Answer 119

continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic NS to remain engaged to fight the stressor

Question 120

describe the exhaustion step of the general adaptation syndrome

Answer 120

the body can no longer maintain elevated response with the sympathetic NS at this point, individuals become more susceptible to illnesses and medical conditions.

Question 121

give an example of a maladaptive strategy of dealing with stress?

Answer 121

turning to drugs or drinking

Question 122

what are the two strategies for coping with stress

Answer 122

problem-focuses and emotionally focused

Question 123

compare coping with stress and stress management

Answer 123

coping: this is the stress and I am going to deal with it management: attempting to reduce it

Question 124

what are the lowest priority of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Answer 124

self-actualization

Question 125

describe opponent process theory as it applies to emotions rather than drugs

Answer 125

According to Richard Solomon, (1974) the opponent process theory is a theory of motivation/emotion that views emotions as pairs of opposites. For example; fear-relief or pleasure-pain. When one is experienced (A), it triggers an opposing emotion after a period of time The opponent process theory states that the more a person experiences the fear, the less the fear will affect them. This decrease in fear may continue to the point where the situation is no longer scary. If the stimulus (the thing feared) is no longer a fear, then a second emotion (relief) takes over

Question 126

Darwin is most associated with which theory of motivation?

Answer 126

instinct theory