MCAT Psych #9 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
social interaction is ____ for humans to survive
A
vital
2
Q
statuses
A
positions in society that are used to classify individuals.
o Ex: being premed versus a resident
o Not all personal characteristics are statuses, such as being left-handed is not a status
o 3 types of statuses:
Ascribed: one that is given involuntarily, due to factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, and family background
Achieved: is gained as a result of one’s efforts or choices, such as being a doctor
Master: the status by which a person is most identified. Most important one that an individual holds and affects all aspects of that person’s life.
• Can pigeonhole people (president only viewed as the president)
• How an individual views himself
3
Q
ascribed status
A
one that is given involuntarily, due to factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, and family background
4
Q
achieved status
A
is gained as a result of one’s efforts or choices, such as being a doctor
5
Q
master status
A
the status by which a person is most identified. Most important one that an individual holds and affects all aspects of that person’s life.
• Can pigeonhole people (president only viewed as the president)
• How an individual views himself
6
Q
role
A
a set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for those who hold the status.
each status has a role
7
Q
role performance
A
the carrying out of behaviors associated with a given role.
8
Q
role partner
A
causes behaviors and expectations to change, the person with whom one is interacting.
9
Q
role set
A
the various roles associated with a status.
10
Q
role conflict
A
difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiple roles
single parent that works a full time job
11
Q
role strain
A
difficulty satisfying the multiple requirements of the same role.
premed student: needing good grades, research, volunteering
12
Q
role exit
A
the dropping of one identity for another or one role for another
13
Q
Group (social Group)
A
consists of two or more people who share similar characteristics and a sense of unity. Common characteristics include values, interests, ethnicity, social background family ties, etc.
14
Q
dyad
A
group of two people
15
Q
triad
A
group of three people
16
Q
as group size increases, it trades ____ for _____
A
intimacy for stability
17
Q
a random set of individuals waiting at a crosswalk is/is not a group?
A
is not
18
Q
what are the types of groups?
A
peer group family group in-group out-group reference group primary group secondary group
19
Q
peer group
A
one that is defined by association of self-selected equals around similar interests, ages, and statuses.
• Friendship and feelings of belonging
20
Q
family group
A
not self-selected but determined by birth, adoption, and marriage.
21
Q
in-group
A
groups to which an individual belongs
22
Q
out-group
A
with which an individual competes or is in opposition.
23
Q
reference group
A
groups that establish the terms by which an individual evaluate themselves.
• Ex: to determine how strong of a medical school applicant you are, may consider yourself in relation to the reference group of all medical school applicants.
24
Q
primary group
A
the interactions are direct, with close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships to members.
• Last a long time. Ex: core group of friends
25
secondary group
the interactions are superficial, with few emotional bonds.
| • Short time, form and dissolve. Ex: group project group
26
community
Gemeinschaft
groups unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography
• Ex: families and neighborhoods
27
society
Gesellschaft
groups that are formed because of mutual self-interests working together toward a goal.
• Ex: companies and counties
28
interaction process analysis
a technique for observing, classifying, and measuring the interactions within small groups.
• Revised to the system for multiple level observation of groups, based on the belief that there are three fundamental dimensions of interaction:
o Dominance vs. submission, friendliness vs. unfriendliness, instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive.
29
what are the 3 fundamental dimensions of interaction for the system of multiple level of observation of groups
Dominance vs. submission, friendliness vs. unfriendliness, instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive.
30
group conformity
groups apply pressure that change member’s behaviors even if they are in contrast with the individual’s goal.
• Conform in an attempt to fit in.
31
groupthink
group members begin to focus solely on ideas generated within the group, while ignoring outside ideas
32
network
used to describe the observable pattern of social relationships among individuals or groups.
o Can map the relationships between individuals.
o Network redundancy: if there are overlapping connections with the same individual.
o Individuals in networks face the demands and expectations of others in the network
o Ex: alumni network, held to standards but reap benefits when looking for a job
o Immediate networks: dense with strong ties, friends
o Distant networks: looser and contain weaker ties, acquaintances
33
network redundancy
if there are overlapping connections with the same individual.
34
immediate networks
dense with strong ties, friends
35
distant networks
looser and contain weaker ties, acquaintances
36
organizations
entities that are set up to achieve specific goals and are characterized by having a structure and a culture.
o Ex: school, sports teams
o Formal organizations: different from groups,
Continue despite the departure of a member, has a history before and after the member.
Have expressed goals.
Enforcement procedures that seek to control the activities of their members.
Hierarchical allotment of formal roles or duties.
o Characteristic institution: the basic organization of society
Originally kin or clan
Now it is bureaucracy: a rational system of political organization, administration, discipline, and control.
• Slow to change and less efficient than other organizations.
• Iron law of oligarchy: democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group.
o Eventual centralization
o McDonalidization: a shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in societies.
Based on McDonald’s, other examples are 24-hour news stations.
37
formal organizations and what makes them different from groups
different from groups
Continue despite the departure of a member, has a history before and after the member.
Have expressed goals.
Enforcement procedures that seek to control the activities of their members.
Hierarchical allotment of formal roles or duties.
38
characteristic institution
the basic organization of society
Originally kin or clan
Now it is bureaucracy: a rational system of political organization, administration, discipline, and control.
• Slow to change and less efficient than other organizations.
• Iron law of oligarchy: democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group.
o Eventual centralization
39
bureaucracy
a rational system of political organization, administration, discipline, and control.
Generally marked by 6 characteristics: paid officials on a fixed salary, nonelected officials who are provided rights and privileges as a result of making their career out of holding office, regular salary increases, seniority rights, and promotions upon passing exams or milestones.
40
what are the 6 characteristics of a bureaucracy
Generally marked by 6 characteristics: paid officials on a fixed salary, nonelected officials who are providing rights and privileges as a result of making their career out of holding office, regular salary increases, seniority rights, and promotions upon passing exams or milestones.
41
iron law of oligarchy
: democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group.
o Eventual centralization
42
McDonaldization
a shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in societies.
Based on McDonald’s, other examples are 24-hour news stations.
43
self presentation
the process of displaying oneself to society through culturally accepted behaviors.
o Use strategies to shape what other people think of you
44
basic model of emotional expression
established by Charles Darwin, emotional expression involves a number of components: facial expressions, behaviors, postures, vocal changes, and physiological changes
All animals have rudimentary physical actions.
Some basic human emotions are universally experienced and their corresponding facial expressions are universally recognized
45
appraisal model
accepts that there are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced, but there is a cognitive antecedent to emotional expression.
46
social construction model
there is no biological basis for emotions and they are instead based on experiences and the situational context alone.
Certain emotions can only be expressed in certain social situations and emotions are expressed differently across different cultures.
47
display rules
cultural expectations of emotions
Govern which emotions can be expressed and to what degree.
Some cultures where anger is never expressed.
48
cultural syndrome
a shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors among members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme.
Can influence what emotions are expressed or not and the ways emotions are experienced.
I am happy vs. I am sharing happiness with others.
49
impression management
refers to our attempts to influence how others perceive us
50
what are the 3 selfs of impression management
Authentic self: describes who the person actually is, including both positive and negative attributes
Ideal self: who we would like to be under optimal circumstances
Tactical self: who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others’ expectations of us. (very similar to the ought self)
51
impression management: self disclosure
giving information about oneself to establish an identity
| • I am premed
52
impression management: managing appearances
: using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations with others to create a positive image
• wearing a white coat, staying calm when dealing with a difficult patient
53
impression management: ingratiation
using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over
• blindly agreeing to someone else’s opinion
54
impression management: aligning actions
: making questionable behavior acceptable through excuses
| • justifications for missing deadlines
55
impression management: alter-casting
imposing an identity onto another person.
| • when the book says “as a good MCAT student”
56
dramaturgical approach to impression management
using the metaphor of a theatrical performance to describe how individuals create images of themselves in various situations.
Front stage self: where the actor is in front of the audience and performs according to the setting, role, and script in order to conform to the image he wants others to see.
Back stage self: the actor is not being observed by an audience and is free to act in ways that may not be congruent with his desired public image without having to worry about ruining his performance.
57
George Mead
“me”: in response to the environment and what society wants: going to school to study
“I”: the creative expression of the individual: deciding that school is not the only path to success.
58
front stage self
where the actor is in front of the audience and performs according to the setting, role, and script in order to conform to the image he wants others to see.
59
back stage self
the actor is not being observed by an audience and is free to act in ways that may not be congruent with his desired public image without having to worry about ruining his performance.
60
communication
the ability to convey information by speech, writing, signals, or behavior.
Foundation of social interaction. It is often used to elicit changes, generate action, create understanding, share a point of view, or inform.
61
sign language, written language, Braille are considered verbal communication
use words in one form or another
62
verbal communication
the transmission of information via the use of words, whether spoken, written, or signed.
Dependent on nonverbal cues for the receiver to understand the sender’s full message.
63
nonverbal communication
refers to how people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words.
Ex: facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movements, etc.
Convey emotion and attitudes
Often dictated by culture
• Ex: In US when people do not make eye contact it is suspicious. In Taiwan, children are taught not to make eye contact to show respect.
gestures but not sign language
64
intraspecific communication
communication between same species
65
interspecific communication
communication between members of different species
66
auto-communication
echolocation, sender and recipient of the signal are the same organism.
67
animal communication
any behavior of one animal that affects the behavior of another.
o Nonhuman animals communicate with one another to convey info such as emotions, intent, status, health and resources.
Body language is very important. Can convey info with facial expressions, scent, visual displays, and vocalizations.
• Can indicate emotions and are significant for reproduction.
68
statuses are ____ in society that are used to ____ individuals
positions
| classify
69
how does master status cause pigeonholing?
we may view an individual only through the lens of his or her master status, without regard to any other personal characteristics (ex: president)
70
each status has a _____, or a set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for those who hold the status.
role
71
behaviors and interactions change as a result of the _____ -- the person with whom once is interaction
the role partner
72
role conflict vs. role strain
role conflict: struggle to manage the responsibilities of multiple roles
role strain: struggle to manage the multiple responsibilities of one role.
73
what is the most important characteristic that strengthens a social group?
social interaction
74
compare a peer group to a family group
a peer group is self selected while a family group is not.
75
what did the interaction process analysis technique get revised to?
SYMLOG: system for multiple level observation of groups
76
what are the SYMLOG fundamental definitions of interaction?
dominance vs. submission
friendliness vs. unfriendliness
instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive
77
which type of networks provide the most benefit to individuals
a combination of immediate networks and distant networks that complement each other
78
organizations are entities that are set up to achieve ______ and are characterized by ____
specific goals
| having a structure and a culture
79
how has characteristic institution changed?
originally it was kin or clan and now it is bureaucracy
80
bureaucracies are ___ to change and ___ efficient than other organizations
slow to change
| less efficient
81
what is a synonyms for self-presentation
impression management
82
basic model of emotional expression vs. appraisal model
there are biologically predetermined expressions across cultures but the cognitive antecedent of the emotional experience comes first
83
compare individualistic vs. collectivist cultural syndromes and their relationship to happiness
US: individualistic: happiness is internal: I am happy
Japan: collectivist: happiness is applied to collective experiences: I am sharing happiness with others
84
George Mead's "Me"
“me”: in response to the environment and what society wants: going to school to study
85
George Mead's "I"
“I”: the creative expression of the individual: deciding that school is not the only path to success.
86
can you communicate via behavior?
yes
87
what is the main difference between verbal and nonverbal communiation?
verbal uses words
88
discuss how nonverbal communication is different across cultures
In the US, eye contact is very important but in Thailand, a lack of eye contact is shown as respect.
89
Is braille considered verbal or nonverbal communication?
verbal: WORDS!
90
is tone of voice considered verbal or nonverbal communication?
nonverbal
91
are facial expressions or body language more conserved between species?
facial expressions.
92
compare the 3 selves of discrepancy theory and the 3 selves of impression management
discrepancy theory: actual, ideal, ought
| impression management: authentic, ideal, tactical
93
if you are adopted into a family does that count as a family group?
yes
94
compare front stage and backstage self
the front stage self refers to when we are on stage and performing. This requires us to live up to the roles and expectations assumed by our status. The backstage self is when we are away from others and may include behaviors that would not be appropriate or consistent with the front stage self.
95
impression management: which impression management technique is the following: "A good friend would let me borrow their bicycle"
alter-casting
| kind of the opposite of ingratiation
96
SYMLOG stands for
system for multiple level observation of groups
97
what is the presented self?
the combination of the authentic, ideal, and tactical selves
98
compare the ought self to the tactical self
ought: who others think we should be, the expectations imposed by others on us
tactical: the self we present to others when we adhere to their expectations
99
intraspecific communication
communication between members of the same species
100
is echolocation an example of intraspecific communication?
no. sender and receiver are the same organism (autocommunication)
