Fill in the following theory: 1. Sigmund Freud - _____ 2. Erik Erickson - _____ 3. Jean Piaget - _____ 4. Lawrence Kohlberg - _____

1. Psychosexual Development Theory 2. Psychosocial Development Theory 3. Cognitive Development Theory 4. Moral Development Theory

MCN LAB (WEEK 15) Flashcards by Kyle Palparan

Fill in the following theory:

Sigmund Freud - _____
Erik Erickson - _____
Jean Piaget - _____
Lawrence Kohlberg - _____

Psychosexual Development Theory
Psychosocial Development Theory
Cognitive Development Theory
Moral Development Theory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

5 stages of Psychosexual Theory and the age range

Oral Stage - 0-1
Anal Stage - 2-3
Phallic Stage - 3-6
Latency Stage - 6 - puberty
Genital Stage - beyond puberty

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PSEXT: children derive pleasure from oral activities.

Oral Stage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PSEXT: Children begin potty training

anal stage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PSEXT: boys attach to their mother, girls attach to their father.

phallic stage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PSEXT: children spend more time with same sex peers

latency stage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PSEXT: individuals are attracted to opposite sex peers.

genital stage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

FREUD: is the part of a person’s mental life of which the person is unaware.

Unconscious Mind

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

FREUD: resides in the unconscious and, operating on the pleasure principle, seeks immediate pleasure and gratification.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

FREUD: the realistic part of the person balances the gratification demands of the id with the limitations of social and physical circumstances.

Ego

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

FREUD: contains the conscience and the ego ideal

Superego

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

FREUD: or adaptive mechanisms are the result of conflicts between the id’s impulses and the anxiety created by the conflicts due to social and environmental restrictions.

defense mechanisms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

FREUD: is immobilization or the inability of the personality to proceed to the next stage because of anxiety.

Fixation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

FREUD: primary need of oral stage

security

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

FREUD: ORAL STAGE
pleasure: _____
major conflict: _____

feeding, weaning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

FREUD: ANAL STAGE
pleasure: ______
major conflict: _____

anus and bladder
toilet training

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

FREUD: PHALLIC STAGE
pleasure: ______
major conflict: ______

genitals
oedipus and electra complex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

FREUD: ______ should be pleasurable in the phallic stage

masturbation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

FREUD: LATENCY STAGE
pleasure: _____
major conflict: _____

same-sex peers
friendships

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

FREUD: GENITAL STAGE
pleasure: ______
major conflict: _____

sexual relationships
relationships

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ERIKSON: All 8 stage of Erikson’s theory and age range

Trust vs. Mistrust (birth - 18 months of age)
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (18 months - 3 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt (3 years - 5 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority (6 years - 12 years)
Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 years - 20 years)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (20s - 40s)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (40s - 60s)
Integrity vs. Despair (60s to end of life)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ERIKSON:
Trust develops when needs are promptly met.
Mistrust develops when needs are consistently unmet or delayed.
Provide experiences that may add to security
Provide soft and gentle touch

Trust vs. Mistrust (birth - 18 months of age)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ERIKSON:
A toddler works to establish independence.
This is the “me do it” stage.
For example: a 2-year-old child wants to choose her clothes and dress herself. Although her outfit might not be appropriate for the situation, her decision has an effect on her sense of independence. If denied the opportunity to act on her environment, she may begin to doubt her abilities, which could lead to low self-esteem and feelings of shame.
Provide opportunities for decision making

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (18 months - 3 years)

ERIKSON:
Initiative occurs when parents allow a child to explore within limits and then support the child’s choice. These children will develop self-confidence and feel a sense of purpose.
Guilt develops with their initiative misfiring or stifled by over-controlling parents.
Provide opportunities for exploring new places and activities

Initiative vs. Guilt (3 years - 5 years)

ERIKSON Sense of industry develops from a desire for achievement Sense of inferiority may develop from unrealistic expectations or a sense of failing to meet the standards others set for the child. Provide opportunities to allow child to assemble or complete a short project. Give recognition and reward for accomplishments.

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6 years - 12 years)

ERIKSON Adolescents explore various roles and ideas, goals, and attempt to discover their “adult” selves. Those who has a strong sense of identity remain true to their beliefs and values in the face of problems. Role confusion develops when adolescents do not make a conscious search for identity, or are pressured to conform to their parents’ ideas. Those who struggle to adopt a positive role will likely struggle to “find” themselves as adults. Provide opportunities to discuss feelings about events important for him or her. Offer support and praise for decision making.

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 years - 20 years)

ERIKSON Young adults deepen their capacity to love and care for others. Time to become fully participative in the community, enjoying adult freedom and responsibility.

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (20s - 40s)

ERIKSON Middle-aged adults begin contributing to the next generation, through childbirth and caring for others; engaging in meaningful and productive work which contributes positively to society.

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40s - 60s)

ERIKSON Late adulthood reflect on their lives and feel either a sense of satisfaction or a sense of failure. People who feel proud of their accomplishments feel a sense of integrity. People who are not successful at this stage may feel as if their life has been wasted. They face the end of their lives with feelings of bitterness, depression, and despair.

8. Integrity vs. Despair (60s to end of life)

PIAGET: Is the process through which humans encounter and react to new situations by using the mechanisms they already possess.

ASSIMILATION

PIAGET: Is the process through which humans encounter and react to new situations by using the mechanisms they already possess.

ACCOMODATION

PIAGET: Is the ability to handle the demands made by the environment

ADAPTATION

PIAGET: How many stages are there in the sensorimotor stage

6 stages

PIAGET: Thoughts becomes symbolic. Child is egocentric. Uses an egocentric approach to accommodate the demands of an environment. Everything is significant and relates to “me.” Explores the environment. Language development is rapid. Concept of time is now, concept of distance is as far as they can see associates words with objects.

Preoperational Thought (2-7)

PIAGET: Egocentric thinking diminishes. Systematic Reasoning Thinks of one idea at a time. Includes others in the environment. Words express thoughts.

Concrete operational thought

PIAGET: Can solve hypothetical problems with scientific reasoning. Can deal with the past, present and future. Adult or mature thought. Good activity: talk time to sort through attitudes and opinions

Formal operational thought

PIAGET: Piaget referred to as the sensorimotor stage It is a practical stage because words and symbols for thinking and practical thinking and problem solving are not yet available Babies relate to the world through their senses using their reflexes The developmental task of achieving trust falls into place when the concept of permanence has been learned During the final phase, infants begin to demonstrate goal directed behavior

Infant

PIAGET: _____ - a stage in which infants continue to cry for their parents because they know their parents still exists even when out of sight,

“8-month anxiety”

PIAGET: This period is a transition as children complete the final stages of the sensorimotor stage They begin to develop cognitive skills of pre operative period Children use trial and error to discover new characteristics of objects and events The relearn some of the lessons they mastered as infants They are able to use symbols to represent objects

Toddler

PIAGET: The preschooler are moving on to a sub-stage of preoperational thought termed ______

intuitive thought

PIAGET: _____ contributes to the preschooler’s lack of conservation (the ability to discern truth) or reversibility ( ability to retrace steps)

Centering

PIAGET: A period during which concrete operational thought begins They discover concrete solutions to everyday problems and can recognise cause and effect relationship Reasoning during this stage tends to be inductive proceeding from specific to general

school age

PIAGET: Piaget saw adolescence as the time when cognition achieves its final form, formal operational thought they are capable of thinking in terms of possibility - what could be (abstract thought) - rather than being limited to thinking about what already is (concrete thought Possibility to use scientific reasoning

adolescent

KOHLBERG: 3 levels of the theory

Preconventional Conventional Post-conventional

KOHLBERG: 2 stages of preconventional

Stage 1: Punishment/obedience orientation Stage 2: Instrumental purpose orientation

KOHLBERG: 2 stages of conventional

Stage 3: Good Boy/Nice Girl orientation Stage 4: Law and order orientation

KOHLBERG: 2 stages of postconventional

Stage 5: Social contract orientation Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation

KOHLBERG: Morality is externally controlled Rules imposed by authority figures are conformed to in order to avoid punishment or receive rewards.

preconventional

KOHLBERG: The individual strives to support rules that are set forth by others such as parents, peers, and the government in order to win their approval or to maintain social order.

conventional

KOHLBERG: Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies. The individual attempts to take the perspective of all individuals.

postconventional

KOHLBERG: The individual will obey in order to avoid punishment.

Stage 1: Punishment/obedience orientation

KOHLBERG: The Individual focuses on receiving rewards or satisfying personal needs.

Stage 2: Instrumental purpose orientation

KOHLBERG: The individual wants to maintain or win the affection and approval of others by being a “good person.”

Stage 3: Good Boy/Nice Girl orientation

KOHLBERG: Moral decision making. becomes more than consideration of close ties to others. The individual believes that rules and laws maintain social order that is worth preserving.

Stage 4: Law and order orientation

KOHLBERG: The individual views laws and rules as flexible tools for improving human purposes. principles of conscience. These principles are abstract and universal in application. This type of reasoning involves taking the perspective of every person or group that could potentially be affected by the decision.

Stage 5: Social contract orientation

KOHLBERG: At this stage behavior is determined again by consequences. The individual focuses on receiving rewards or satisfying personal needs.

Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation