MCQ semester 2 exam Flashcards
1
Q
how does the economic model address deaths as?
A
suicide
2
Q
according to the economic model, how can life be postponed?
A
if more resources are invested in prolonging life
3
Q
in what model is the patient not responsible for their condition?
A
biomedical
4
Q
what is the only cause in biomedical model?
A
biological factor; virus, pathogen
5
Q
what are the 4 factors which affect decisions in the health belief model?
A
- percieved susceptability
- percieved severity
- percieved benefits and barriers of treatment
- cues to action
6
Q
for someone to acknowledge a health problem, what 2 things must they think in terms of the health belief model?
A
- percieved as severe
2. benefits outweigh barriers
7
Q
2 theories of health behaviour
A
- health belief model
2. theory of planned behaviour
8
Q
according to the theory of planned behaviour, what 3 things are our intentions shaped by?
A
- attitudes toward behaviour
- subjective norms
- behavioural control
9
Q
what is cognitive dissonance? give an eg
A
holding 2 cognitive opinions which are psychologically insonconsistent and cause tension
smoking is bad - but i still do it
10
Q
what are todays stressors?
A
psychological - heavy workload
11
Q
what is psychoneuroimmunology?
A
study of how psychological factors can affect the immune system
12
Q
In the stressful disposition study, what traits did cardiac patients share?
A
- male
- impatient
- ambitious
- competitive
13
Q
which personality type has a suggested higher associated risk of heart disease & high blood pressure?
A
type A
14
Q
describe traits of personalality B
A
laid back, easy going, relaxed, not ambitious
15
Q
describe traits of personalality C
A
obeys norms helpless, hopeless lack assertiveness suppression of strong emotion (anger) avoids conflict lack of control
16
Q
what scale measures stress using stressful life events?
A
social readjustment rating scale
17
Q
what score on the SRRS gives an 80% stress score?
A
> 300
18
Q
3 weaknesses of the SRRS?
A
- correlation is not causation
- doesnt include daily stressors
- individual differences
19
Q
3 components of depression
A
- cognitive
- physiological
- behavioural
20
Q
what is a coping strategy for women who have depression?
A
admitting the problem to help the situation
21
Q
who did a study about learned helplessness?
A
Gross
22
Q
what is learned helplessness?
A
when you try but you keep failing so you give up
23
Q
most popular treatment for anxiety and depression
A
Cognitive behavioural therapy
24
Q
what theory is the CBT based on ?
A
ABC
a) activating event
b) individual beleifs
c) individual emotions
25
3 roles of Public Health England
1. health promotion
2. health protection
2. healthcare improvement
26
who wrote the social model to health?
Dahlgreen & whitehead
27
5 layers of social model to health
1. age, gender
2. individual lifestyle factors
3. social & community networks
4. structural factors
5. environmental factors
28
what is functionalism?
everyone working together
29
what is marxism/conflict theory?
conflict between the classes; capitalists & workers
30
which health model does the marxist theory support?
biomedical
31
in what areas is there a higher rate of physical & mental illness?
higher levels of inequality from rich to poor
32
what condition cant the sick role be adapted to?
chronic conditions
33
what is the medicalisation thesis?
medical professionals are defining more behaviours as medical issues - this dominates over our lives
34
who wrote the theory of iatrogenesis?
ivan ilich
35
what is the theory of iatrogenesis?
harmful & detrimental effects that medical interventions can have on people
36
what is clinical iatrogenesis?
direct harm from treatment, drugs etc
37
what is social iatrogenesis?
blind belief in HCP. patients dont take responsbility.
38
what is cultural iatrogenesis?
people cannot cope with normal conditions that cause pain/suffering - turn to medical treatments
39
3 biographical disruptions caused by chronic illess
1. self -identity
2. future plans
3, everyday life
40
model for coping strategy
self-regulatory model of illness behaviour
41
3 stages of self-regulatory model
1. interpretation
2. coping
3. appraisal
42
what is mental health? (4)
1. realising own ability
2. work productivily
3. cope with normal stressors
4. contribute to community
43
what is ill mental health?
alterations in thinking, mood or behaviour associated with stress/ impaired functioning
44
when does stress become distress?
1. lasts too long
2. occurs too often
3. too severe
45
5 types of depressive conditions
- seasonal affective disorder
- postnatal
- bipolar
- major depressive
- dysrhythmic
46
which type of depressive condition is continious
dysrthythmic
47
what type of disorder is OCD
anxiety
48
4 types of anxiety disorder
1. panic
2. general anxiety
3. phobias
4. social
49
what is PTSD?
post traumatic stress disorder
50
what is shizophrenia
a discrepancy between thinking and feeling
51
which 2 places is shizophrenia more common?
- city
| - minor ethnic groups
52
2 groups of shizophrenia
+ve (acute) and -ve (chronic)
53
which type of schiz has more dramatic symptoms?
+ve
54
which type of schiz causes the most problems and is difficult to treat?
-ve
55
what is eugenics?
improving the human population by breeding those with desirable characteristics
56
what year did the universal declaration of human rights come about?
1948
57
what year was the NHS founded?
1948
58
In verbal exchanges, the percentage of the meaning that is commonly lost is:
40-60%
59
In healthcare globally the allocation of resources is based on:
the consumer willingness to pay
60
In Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, in the pre-operational stage a child:
influenced by how things look rather then logical reasoning
61
what type of care are ambulatory trusts?
secondary
62
Spatial problems, a symptom of dementia, is referred to as:
apraxia
63
what is direct discrimination?
treating someone less favourably
64
what is indirect discrimination?
putting someone at a disadvantage compared to others
65
what are aphasia, agnosia, apraxia symptoms of ?
dementia
66
what is aphasia
language problems
67
what is agnosia?
knowledge problems
68
what is apraxia?
skilled action/spatial problems
69
which are neurotic plaques?
abnormal amounts of protein
70
cause of alzheimers disease
cerebral atrophy & neurotic plaques
71
major symptoms of alzheimers
memory/language
72
what are lewy bodies?
abnormal structures in nerve cells in brain
73
what type of dementia arises from focal damage to the frontal and temporal lobes?
Pick's disease
74
what dementia has symptoms of hallucination?
Lewy bodies
75
cause of korsakoff's syndrome
excessive alcohol intake
76
dementia with symptoms of emotion and social functioning
Pick's
77
cause of frontal-temporal lobe dementia?
degeneration of frontal tobe
78
major symptoms & cause of vascular dementia
symptoms = concenetration + communciation
cause: problem with blood flow to the brain = due to stroke, hypertension + diabetes
79
dementia with symptom of personality/emotion
frontal temporal
80
what does damage to the frontal lobe cause- dementia?
repetitive actions
81
what does damage to the occupital lobe cause- dementia?
visual
82
what does damage to the temporal lobe cause- dementia?
difficulties with skilled actions
83
what does damage to the ftemporal lobe cause- dementia?
declining general knowledge
84
what is personal detraction?
negative interaction with someone
85
what is malignant social positioning?
an effect on someone which causes them to feel anxious
86
equations for person centred care
PCC= V+I+P+S
87
name of drug administered to treat HIV - but had bad side effects
azidothymidine
88
what 4 things are needed for transmission of HIV?
quality
quantity
viral present
route
89
what 4 groups is HIV1 classed into and what is the major?
M - major
| NOP
90
most common subtype of HIV in sub-Saharan africa?
C
91
most common subtype of HIV in Europe?
B
92
which 2 immunological responses act with HIV?
cellular
| humoral
93
what do cytotoxic T cells do (CD4)
inhibit HIV replication directly
94
what do helper T cells do (CD8)
lowers viral load
95
3 stages of HIV infection
1. acute
2. clinical latency
3. AIDS
96
in which stage can the acute retroviral syndrome occur?
acute infection
97
which test for HIV is the fastest - how long?
Ab/Ag test - 20mins
98
CD4 count in people with serious risk of opportunistic infections with HIV
<200
99
3 mechanisms of anti-retroviral medication
- block reverse transcriptase
- block protease
- prevent viral and host cell membrane from joining
100
difference between PEP and PREP
prep is taken before exposure to the virus
101
what is a purging disorder? give methods
extreme measures to rid body weight by
- vomiting
- laxatives
- excessive exercise
102
2 types of anorexia
1. restricting - limiting calories
| 2. binge-eating/purging
103
which 2 eating disorders cause no change in normal weight?
purging + bulimia
104
which eating disorder leads to being underweight
anorexia
105
which eating disorder leads to being overweight
binge eating
106
which hormones are involved in anorexia?
serotonin + dopamine
107
which hormone affects diet?
leptin
108
what is there a deficiency in anorexia
Zn
109
what personality traits do bulimics have?
impulsive
110
what personality traists do anorexics have?
perfectionists
111
for which eating disorder is an antidepressent drug administered?
bulimia
112
which ED is CBT used?
bulimia
113
which ED is psychosocial interventions used as a treatment?
anorexia
114
6 parts of definition of communication skills
- goal directed
- interrelated
- appropriate to situation
- social behaviours
- learned
- control
115
3 steps in model of communication
1. perception
2. mediation
3. action
116
4 stages of calgory cambridge model
1. initiate session
2. gather info
3. explain & plan
4. close the session
117
what other 2 things must be done in the CCmodel
build relationship
| provide structure
118
how much % of message is derived from facial expressions?
55%
119
what is pseudo-listening ?
acting interested - not listening
120
difference between specific Q and closed Q;
closed is yes or no
| specific is short; number etc.
121
why are hypothetical questions used?
to check understanding
122
which type of Q are used to get acceptance of your views?
leading Q
123
definition of prejudgement
opinion held about someone, something or some group
| without good reason or adequate knowledge or experience
124
definiton of stereotyping
seeing all members of a group as having similar traits rather than individual personalities
125
definition of conditioning?
shaping behaviour by manipulating reinforcement and punishment
126
what do all behaviourists think about behaviour ?
learned
127
what 2 ways do behaviouritst think we learn?
1, classical coniditoniing
| 2. operant conditioning
128
which is more effective, +ve or -ve reinforcement?
+ve
129
which experiment is used in classical conditioning?
pavlovs dogs
130
in pavlov exp; what was the unconditioned response?
salivation
131
in pavlov exp; what was the neutral stimulus? what did this become?
bell- conditioned stimulus
132
in pavlov exp; what was the unconditioned stimulus?
food
133
what is operant conditioning about?
the consequences of our actions determine whether or not our actions are repeated
134
what is aversion therapy?
negative reinforcement
135
which theory was Bandura's bobo doll study testing?
the social learning theory
136
what does the SLT suggest we learn through?
imitation
137
what is social facilitation?
being in the prescence of others influences our behaviour
138
what did Asch do?
exp on lines
139
who did the electructing exp?
milgram
140
what is deindividuation ?
when social influence overrides our personal values & individual identity
141
what is audience inhibition?
bystander behaviour- fear of embarrassment or doing something wrong
142
what is diffusion of responsibility?
bystander behaviour- assumption that someone else will act
143
what is confusion of responsibilitu?
bystander behaviour- other bystanders may think youve caused the situation
144
what is cost of intervention?
bystander behaviour- not helping due to the costs - court, danger
145
in which century and period of time was human behaviour compared to animals and had a biological perspective?
19th - Industrial revolution
146
what occured in the medievil times?
children seen as adults
147
what period of time were children said to be born evil and they must be raised effectively?
reformation period
148
wht occured in the age of reason?
maturationist beleif - children born with innate morality
149
what occured in the age of enlightenment?
tabula rasa = children born with an inbuilt mechanism - all knowledge comes from experience
150
2 social development theories
```
psychosexual = freud
psychosocial = erikson
```
151
what is the psychosocial theory about?
at each stage the child aquires attributes + skills resulting from successful negotiation of psychological conflict
152
what is stage 1 of the psychosocial thoery?
trust vs mistrust
153
PST (psychosocial theory) : what stage occurs at adolescence?
identity vs role confusion
154
PST (psychosocial theory) : what stage occurs at ages 3-6?
initiative vs guilt
155
PST (psychosocial theory) : when do children begin to assert independennce - how old?
stage 2 - autonomy vs shame & doubt
156
what occurs in the industry vs inferiority stage in terms of dependency ?
develop pride in accomplishments
157
PST (psychosocial theory) : stage in middle adulthood
generativity vs stagnation
158
PST (psychosocial theory) : stage in early adulthood
intimacy vs isolation
159
PST (psychosocial theory) : who is in the integrity vs despair stage?
old age
160
what does the biological theory; ethology state when the critical period for learning is?
1st 3 years
161
who developed the cognitive development thoery?
jean piaget
162
in which of piaget's stages can the child think hypothetically?
4. formal operation stage
163
what occurs in the concrete operations stage?
thinking logically
164
piaget = what occurs in the sensori-motor stage?
sensory + motor
165
which of piagets stages is visual?
pre-operational stage
166
which learnign theory takes cultural values into consideration? who?
socio-cultural theory - lev vygotsky
167
3 levels in Kohlburgs development of moral reasoning theory?
1. pre-conventional
2. conventional
3. post-conventional
168
development of moral reasoning theory- Which level bases judgements on consequences?
pre-conventional
169
development of moral reasoning theory- which stage conforms to conventional standards of right and wrong?
conventional
170
development of moral reasoning theory- which stage involves personal views rather than conventional standards?
post-conventional
171
4 stages in John Bowlbys theory of attachment
1. pre-attachement
2. indiscriminate
3. discriminate
4. reciprocal
172
3 attachement types in Ainsworth and Bell
1. secure
2. insure avoidant
3. insecure resistant
173
which attachement type had stemmed from unresponsive care?
insecure avoidant
174
which atrachment type had stemmed from responsive care?
secure
175
what attachmen type stemmed from inconsistent care?
insecure resistant
176
what is classical conditioning?
where a previous neutral stimulus becomes associaited with a particular response
177
who has a higher pain threshold, introverts or extroverts?
extroverts
178
3 responses systems to fear
1. overt behavioural expression
2. covert feelings + thoughts
3. physiological arousal
179
what is an active strategy in terms of coping mechanisms?
being able to control pain
180
what is an passive strategy in terms of coping mechanisms?
helplessness- relying on others
181
2 psychological strategies to control pain?
1. distraction
| 2. relaxation
182
4 leadership styles
dictatorial
autocratic
democratic
lassiz-faire
183
3 areas of action centred leadership model?
task
team
individual
184
what is the continuum of leadership behaviour model?
relationship between
- freedom giving by mananger
- authority of manager
185
what arose in the era of the market?
providers, purchasers - NHS trusts
186
who was in charge of GP funds in the era of the market?
GPs
187
in what era did patient centred care come about?
era of all change
188
when was the 10 year plan started?
era of all change
189
what year was NICE founded?
1999
190
which health policy was about patient centred care being high quality, for everyone?
high quality care for all
191
what did the health and social care act do?
implement regulating services
192
who commisions CCG?
NHS England
193
who is the CCG led by?what areas do they control?
clinicians - local
194
which model descibes a system where the governnment allocates resources, HC is a basic human right and everyone is entitled to the HC system?
supply side approach
195
apart from the UK, where else has a supply-side mode?
canada
196
who is medicaid for?
poor americans
197
who is medicare for?
elderly + disabled
198
what models does the UK national health insurance mode; use?
both bismark + beveridge
199
what is reffered to as beveridge?
taxation
200
which type of taxation affects poor people
regression
201
which type of taxation affects rich people?
progression
202
what is deficity financing?
borrowing and spending
203
what are earmarked taxes?
taxes on specific things; cigs
204
what type of private insurance is used i the UK by those in higher income groups?
duplicate cover
205
which type of private care included one that uses user charges?
complementary
206
what is supplementary cover?
covers user charges
207
what is alternative/sub cover?
opt out of government - purchase tour own -
