Measures of Development

Question 1

development

Answer 1

positive change improving peoples sol and qol
nations development affected by
environment e.g hazards
economic e.g trade, debt
social e.g access to education
political e.g civil war

Question 2

gni

Answer 2

value of goods and services produced by a coutry per head

Question 3

hdi

Answer 3

links health to wealth and education
measures include life expectancy, education etc

Question 4

how useful are measures

Answer 4

birth rate yes - fewer children as women become educated
death rate no - developed countries have older pop.
infant mortality yes - healthcare
access to clean water yes - infrastructure

Question 5

limitations of measures

Answer 5

averages for the whole country discount regional inequalities
data may be unreliable or outdated
focus on certain aspects of development

Question 7

causes of uneven development

Answer 7

physical - natural hazards, trade in landlocked areas, disease
economic - poverty makes development difficult, greater supply than demand of raw materials keeps prices low, food prices vary and are bought at low prices, not enough fair trade
historical - civil wars and conflict from ethnic groups and borders

Question 8

disparities in health and wealth

Answer 8

lics unable to invest in good quality healthcare
in hics 70% of deaths are 70+, only 20% in lics
cause of death varies
nearly 600,000 malaria deaths in 2023 - preventable

Question 9

international migration - uneven development

Answer 9

poverty and conflict major reasons
middle east refugee crisis 2015 - 100,000s left
people in lics more aware of the development gap
1.5m economic migrants moved to uk since 2004 - 2/3 polish
migrants pay tax but put pressure on services
brain drain

Question 10

development gap

Answer 10

difference in levels of development between richest and poorest countries
1 in every 2 of the world children lives in poverty
gdp of hipcs is less than combined wealth of worlds 7 richest people
640m live without adequate shelter

Question 11

investment to reduce development gap

Answer 11

countries and tncs invest money and expertise into lics to increase profit
could be development of infrastructure, industries
provides employment and income

Question 12

tourism to reduce dg

Answer 12

investmet and increased income from abroad, infrastructure
maldives very dependent o tourism
vulnerable in times of economic recession

Question 13

aid

Answer 13

can take form of money, suoplies, food, tech, skills
countries can invest in development projects
uk gave pakistan 300m for education in 2013

Question 14

tech to reduce dg

Answer 14

smallscale agriculture, water, health projects to improve lives
irrigation at adis nifas in ethiopia, dam built

Question 15

fairtrade

Answer 15

fair prices, some invested into local projects, farmers do eco
90% of small coffee farmers in eastern uganda have joined gumutindo coffee cooperative

Question 16

debt relief

Answer 16

demonstrate they could manage finances no corruption
36 mey conditions and recieved from imf in 2015

Question 17

microfinance loans

Answer 17

smallscale financial support to help poor start small businesses and become self sufficient
grameen bank bangladesh helps local women turn skills to profit

Question 18

tourism in tunisia

Answer 18

6.2m in 2013
370,000 jobs 2009
economy diversified and grown
multiplier effecrs
climate, landscape, location, history
income of tunisians quadrupled in 70s - life expectancy up

however pollution, leakage of profts to foreign companies, terrorism in 2015 towards tourists made it unsafe, less investment into economy

Question 19

nigeria location

Answer 19

over 3x larger than uk
larger population than any other african country
largest african economy

Question 20

nigeria context

Answer 20

independence in 1960
500 ethnic groups
christian s and muslim n

drier climate away from equator
coastal mangroves, swamps, rainforest and grassland
much of natural veg replaced by agriculture ef oil palm, cocoa

civil war post independence, dictatorships intol 1988
now stable
boko haram 17k dead since 2002

Question 21

nigeria x britain

Answer 21

trade by 1960 exporting natural commodities to britain and importing manufactured goods

Question 22

nigeria x china

Answer 22

largest import partner
heavy chinese investment into infrastructure
2014 china railway construction co won 12bn contract to build 14000km railway along coast
10bn chinese investment into oilfield

Question 23

nigeria changing economy

Answer 23

one of the worlds fastest growing economies
increase in gdp - 100m 2006 to 550m 2015
growing regional disparity
urbanisation means manifacturing is growing
services make up over hlaf of gdp and employment
oil is 14% gdp and 95% of export earnings
dangote cement - one of nigerias largest companies - less revenue than oil but more employed

Question 24

nigeria tncs

Answer 24

oil boom of 1970s depended on expertise and money of tncs
help nigeria exploit oil reserves for economic benefit, bring investment, jobs, skills, tech
but profits out of host country, damage to environment, political influence
oil industry damages areas people depend on e.g fishing as oil spills are common and marine life dies

Question 25

aid and debt nigeria

Answer 25

from 2009-2013 imf world bank project where 60m mosquito nets 300m a year from uk 60% live on under $1.25 a day country has its own space programme debt crisis 80s 90s - africas most indebted country debt relief after 2005

Question 26

development for all nigeria

Answer 26

hdi low, gradually increasig to 1.5 in 2012 life expectancy grown 7 years 1980-2013 economix development linked to qol hdi takes averages - difference between urban and rural, s and n higher gdp and less boko haram affected regions are found in the sw

Question 27

economic change in the uk

Answer 27

decrease in primary decondary up then down tertiary growing emerging quaternary

Question 28

deindustrialisation

Answer 28

decline in manufacturing industry machines and tech replace people, cheaper to produce abroad, lack of investment traditional industries e.g coal have declined (300 to 30 mines 20thc) uk now a world centre for financial services, media, research, creative industries

Question 29

globalisation

Answer 29

growth and spread of ideas around the world developments in transport and communications pros - more imports, foreign investment, economic growth due to world trade cons - decline in uk manufacturing and jobs, growing inequality

Question 30

gov policies uk economic change

Answer 30

1945-79 - state run industries e.g british steel corporation; money propping up declining industries, unprofitable so strikes, closures, unrest, powercuts 1979-2010 - state run sold to private shareholders for a more competitive business environment, old industries closed, investment into derelict areas 2010 on - trying to rebalance uk economy by rebuilding manufacturing industry and relying less on service, policies such as ecouraging global firms to move here, investment, loans for small business

Question 31

post industrial economy uk

Answer 31

manufacturing replaced by service growing quaternary sector economic growth in cambridge, bristol, reading

Question 32

growth corridors and business parks

Answer 32

areas designed to stimulate economic development follow major transport links m4 corridor from london to bristol has become a hi tech industry agglomeration - similar businesses cluster tg to share ideas research, finance, information tech industries are more footloose and can be located anywhere takes up less space, out of town

Question 33

cambridge

Answer 33

1500 info tech and biotech companies close to m11 in one of uks growth corridors cambridge science park 1970 links with industry hi tech companies began as small startup graduate businesses e.g abcam worth 1bn educated workforce good qol links between colleges and industries but overcrowding and congestion rising house prices needs more connections to cities that arent london

Question 34

industry and the environment

Answer 34

manufacturing plants are ugly processes cause pollution and degrade the soil waste products taken to landfill transport of materials increases emissions damage when roads are built

Question 35

how to improve industry sustainability

Answer 35

stricter environmental targets for industry on water quality, air pollution and landscape damage impose heavy fines when pollution incidents occur use tech to reduce emissions

Question 36

torr quarry

Answer 36

one of 8 limestone quarries in the mendip hills employs over 100 and generates 15m for local economy nationally important source of construction materials 3/4 output by rail, minimises impact on local roads and villages areas restored to create wildlife lakes characteristic limestone features make it look natural monitored noise, emissions, water quality plans to deepen, not widen quarry - less impact than extending

Question 37

counter urbanisation

Answer 37

people leave cities to live in the countryside for a better qol growth occurs just outside of the green belt housing shortages put pressure on the gov to build on the green belt national parks popular with tourists and second home owners, house prices up

Question 38

outer hebrides

Answer 38

scotlands far nw youth move away, fewer people of working age ageing population leading to care issues services eg post offices closing, loss of jobs 80% own cars, lots of congestion increase in tourism

Question 39

south cambridgeshire

Answer 39

east of england, n of london pressure on housing and lack of affordability modern housing projects provide jobs but also detract from community agricultural employment declines as farmers sell land to housing companies people use services where they work not where they live some of the country's highest petrol prices

Question 40

road infrastructure developments

Answer 40

investment strategy announced in 2014 to improve condition and capacity of uk roads 1300 new land miles added to motorways to tackle congestion sw super highway cost 2bn

Question 41

railway infrastructure developments

Answer 41

stimulate economic growth hs2 50bn crossrail to reduce conjestion and bring 1.5m extra within 45 mins commuting to london london only tho

Question 42

ports

Answer 42

32m passengers 120,000 employed liverpool2 costing 300m will double the port capacity - new container terminal creating jobs and boost local economy

Question 43

airports

Answer 43

create vital global links provide 300k jobs generate 3.6% of uk gdp new runway at heathrow costing 18.6bn create jobs, increase capacity for freight and tourism

Question 44

ns divide evidence

Answer 44

4 years less life in liverpool vs cambridge n contains 9/10 most deprived areas less businesses per resident higher obesity and alcohol consumption

Question 45

why ns divide

Answer 45

most manufacturing in n so suffered deindustrialisation high unemployment and slow growing population coalfields close due to alternative sources heavy industries have closed or relocated eg steelworks n recieved less investment london and se rapidly growing services london global finance centre - high house prices across uk

Question 46

reducing ns divide

Answer 46

hs2 decrease journey times by 1/2, links create jobs and growth in n cities, 44bn of economic benefit hs3 tackling overcrowding across pennines 24 enterprise zones to boost private business in regions needing investment - 10 in north, commercial industries receive incentives to set up

Question 47

trade

Answer 47

movement of goods and services around the globe import sources mostly euroope, also usa and china trade with eu - geographical closeness, wealth usa is a big export destination

Question 48

english culture

Answer 48

spread due to migration and exports peppa pig screened in over 170 countries english spoken in many countries asd a result of former empire migrants to uk bring own culture eg bollywood, notting hill carnival

Question 49

connections

Answer 49

tranpsort and electronic links 95% had internet vs 45% global avg fast electronic connections are vital to economy 99% of all internet traffic passes along high power cables, many meet at or pass uk

Question 50

commonwealth

Answer 50

53 countries mostly former british colonies 2.2bn people trade and cultural links e.g sport migration and emigration from uk

Question 51

eu

Answer 51

allows free movement of people, good and services trading group and political influence migration, controls, investment, trade low price of goods and jobs costs to be a member, not all policies are efficient, overcrowding