measuring evolution as changes in allele frequencies

Question 1

how is the frequency of an allele calculated?

Answer 1

p = number of copies of the allele in the population / total number of copies of all alleles in the population

Question 2

what does the sum of all allele frequencies in a population be equal to?

Answer 2

1

Question 3

what is the hardy-weinberg principle?

Answer 3

predicts that under certain conditions, allele and genotype frequencies of a population will remain constant

Question 4

what do the summands of the p^2 + 2pq + q^2 represent?

Answer 4

p^2 = genotype frequency of AA (AA)
2pq = genotype frequency of Aa (Aa + a * A)
q^2 = genotype frequency of aa

Question 5

what are conditions of the hardy-weinberg equilibrium that are violated by evolution? how?

Answer 5

• all individuals have equal probabilities of surviving and reproducing -> selection
• population is infinitely large -> genetic drift
• genes are not added/removed to population by migration -> gene flow
• DNA sequence does not change -> mutation
• mating is random -> inbreeding/sexual selection

Question 6

what are conditions of the h-w-e that aren’t violated by evolution?

Answer 6

• diploidy
• equal allele frequencies between sexes
• only sexual reproduction
• non-overlapping generations
• random mating!!!!