Medical Terminology - Module 2 Flashcards by Shruti Jagan

Order of an organisms complex levels

chemicals - cells - tissue - organ - organ system - body as a whole

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

energy compound of a cell

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proteins

include hormones, enzymes, and structural materials

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Carbohydrates

include sugars and starches. main carb is glucose which circulates in the blood.

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Lipids

includes fats. some hormones are from lipids. adipose (fat) stores lipids

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nucleus and chromosomes

nucleus is the control system and hold 46 chromosomes

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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vs ribonucleic acid (RNA)

DNA is the genetic compound of the cell and makes genes while RNA manufactures proteins within cells.

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centrioles

rod-shaped; near the nucleus; seperate chromosomes during cell division

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cilia

hair-projections; moves fluids around the cell.

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cytoplasm

fills the cell and holds organelles

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cytosol

fluid of the cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

network of membranes; rough ER has ribosomes and sorts proteins; smooth ER does not have ribosomes and does lipid synthesis.

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flagellum

whip-hair-like extension; moves the cell

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Golgi Apparatus

layers of the membrane; modifies proteins; prepares proteins for transport

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lysosomes

small sacs of digestive enzymes; digests substances

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microvilli

fingerlike extensions on the membrane that absorb materials into the cell

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mitochondria

converts energy into ATP

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nucleolus

makes ribosomes

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Peroxisomes

organelles with enzymes that break down harmful substances

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plasma membrane

outer layer of cell made from proteins and lipids

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ribosomes

composed of RNA and proteins; manufactures proteins

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surface projections

structures that extend from the cell; move the cell or fluids around the cell

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vesicles

membrane-bound sacs in the cytoplasm; stores and moves materials in and out of the cell in bulks

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Epithelial tissue

connective tissue; covers body and lines organs; absorbs substances from on body system to another

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skeletal muscle tissue

moves the skeleton; is a voluntary muscle

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

smooth or visceral muscle

forms the walls of abdominal organs

Nervous tissue

makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls body responses

hist/o, histi/o

tissue

cyt/o

cell

mucus

thick fluid that lubricates and protects tissues

morph/o

form

cyt/o, -cyte

cell

nucle/o

nucleus

kary/o

nucleus

fibr/o

fiber

reticul/o

network

aden/o

gland

papill/o

nipple

myx/o, muc/o

mucus

somat/o, -some

body, small body

blast/o, -blast

immature cell

gen

origin, formation

phag/o

eat, ingest

phil

attract, absorb

plas

formation, molding

trop

act on, affect

troph/o

feeding, growth, nourishment

-ase

enzyme

-ose

sugar

hydr/o

water, fluid

gluc/o

glucose

glyc/o

sugar, glucose

sacchar/o

sugar

amyl/o

starch

lip/o

lipid, fat

adip/o

fat

steat/o

fatty

prote/o

protein

anterior (ventral)

toward the front/belly of the body

caudal

toward the lower end of spine

cranial (cephalic)

toward the head

deep (internal)

closer to the center of the body

distal

farther from point of attachment to reference point

inferior

below, lower positions

lateral

to the side of the body

medial

toward the mid line of the body

posterior (dorsal)

toward the back of the body

proximal

opposite of distal

superficial (external)

closer to the surface of the body

superior

above, in higher position

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)

saggital plane (median)

divides the body into a right and left side

Transverse (horizontal) plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Body cavities

Cranial cavity, orbital cavity, oral cavity, spinal cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

Abdominal regions

hypochondriac L & R, Lumbar L & R, Iliac L & R, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric

Body Regions

look at image

anatomic position

Standing erect; arms at sides; facing forward; palms forward; legs parallel; toes pointed

decubitus position

lying down/resting on flat surface

dorsal recumbent position

on back; legs bent and separated; flat feet; used fro gynecology

Fowler's position

on back; head of bed raised 18 inches; knees elevated; used for breathing and drainage

jackknife position

on back with elevated shoulders; legs flexed and thighs at 90 degree angle to abdomen; used to insert urethral tube

knee-chest position

on knees; head and upper chest on table; arms crossed above head; used in gynecology and for flushing out the intestine

lateral recumbent position

on the side with one leg flexed; arms vary

lithotomy position

on back; legs flexed on abdomen; thighs apart; used for gynecology or urologic surgery.

prone

lying face down

prone jackknife position

on abdomen with bent bed to make V shape; anorectic surgery

Sims position

on left side; right leg drawn up high and forward; left arm along back; chest forward and resting on bed; used for kidney and uterine surgery, colon examinations, and enema.

supine

lying face up

Trendelenburg position

on back with head lowered 45 degrees on bed; pelvic and abdominal surgery or treatment of shock.

cephal/o

head

cervic/o

neck

thorac/o

chest, thorax

abdomin/o

abdomen

lapar/o

abdominal wall

lumb/o

lumbar region, lower back

periton, peritone/o

peritoneum

acro

extremity, end

brachi/o

arm

dactyl/o

finger, toe

ped/o, pod/o

foot

circum-

around

peri-

around

intra-

in, within

epi-

on, over

extra-

outside

infra-

below

sub-

below, under

inter-

between

juxta-, para-

near, beside

retro-

behind, backword

supra-

above

digit

a finger or toe

epigastrium

the epigastric region

fundus

the base or body of a hollow organ, the area of an organ farthest from its opening

hypochondrium

hypochondriac region

lumen

central opening within a tube or hollow organ

meatus

a passage or opening

orifice

the opening of a cavity

mouth, any body opening

septum

a wall dividing two cavities

sinus

a cavity

sphincter

a circular muscle that regulates an opening

LLQ, LUQ, RLQ, RUQ

L and R upper or lower quadrants

Medical Terminology - Module 2 Flashcards

(124 cards)