Medicines

Question 1

Active immunisation

Answer 1

Preventative method

• Most widespread form to control diseases and prevent economic loss
• Drawback: Coexistence with the virus
  
  • Most vaccines do not prevent infection

Question 2

Types of vaccine

Answer 2

• Monovalent
• Polyvalent

Question 3

Live virus vaccines

Answer 3

• Virulent (wild type) virus vaccines
• Attenuated vaccines

Question 4

Attenuated vaccines

Answer 4

• Naturally occurring mutants
• Artificially attenuated viruses
• Heterotypic vaccines
• Virus-vectored vaccines

Question 5

Naturally occurring mutant example

Answer 5

Newcastle disease

Question 6

Artificially attenuated viruses

Answer 6

• Serial passages
• Selection of thermo-sensitive mutants
• Genetic modification (Deletion mutants)
  
  • Marker, DIVA vaccines

Question 7

Heterotypic vaccines

Answer 7

• Marek’s disease
• Smallpox

Question 8

Virus-vectored vaccines

Answer 8

Introduction of antigens into pathogenic viruses

Question 9

Inactivated vaccines

Answer 9

• The virus cannot multiply
• Inactivating agents
• Adjuvants
• Boostering is necessary

Question 10

Inactivating agents

Answer 10

• Formaldehyde
• BPL

Question 11

Adjuvants

Answer 11

• Slow antigen release, depo-effect
• Immunostimulation
• Saponine

Question 12

Route of administration:

• Live
• Inactivated

Answer 12

• Live: Natural/injection
• Inactivated: Injection

Question 13

Cost of virus dose:

• Live
• Inactivated

Answer 13

Live: Low

Inactivated: High

Question 14

Number of doses:

• Live
• Inactivated

Answer 14

Live: Single

Inactivated: Multiple

Question 15

Need of adjuvant?:

• Live
• Inactivated

Answer 15

Live: No

Inactivated: Yes

Question 16

Duration of immunity:

• Live
• Inactivated

Answer 16

Live: Longer

Inactivated: Shorter

Question 17

Antibody response:

• Live
• Inactivated

Answer 17

Live: IgG, IgA

Inactivated: IgG

Question 18

Cell-mediated response:

• Live
• Inactivated

Answer 18

Live: Good

Inactivated: Poor

Question 19

Heat instability in tropics:

• Live
• Inactivated

Answer 19

Live: Yes

Inactivated: No

Question 20

Interference:

• Live
• Inactivated

Answer 20

Live: Occasional

Inactivated: No

Question 21

Side effects:

• Live
• Inactivated

Answer 21

Live: Occasional

Inactivated: No

Question 22

Reversion to virulence:

• Live
• Inactivated

Answer 22

Live: Possible

Inactivated: No

Question 23

Contamination:

• Live
• Inactivated

Answer 23

Live: Possible

Inactivated: No

Question 24

Subunit vaccines

Answer 24

Contains only proteins responsible for neutralisation

Question 25

Production of subunit vaccines

Answer 25

1. Purification after traditional virus production 2. Purification of proteins produced by GM bacteria/cells 3. Synthesis

Question 26

Advantages of subunit vaccines

Answer 26

* Safe * Opportunity for differentiation * Good efficiency

Question 27

Disadvantages of subunit vaccines

Answer 27

* Expensive * Only parenteral administration * In vivo usually weaker immune response

Question 28

Anti-idiotype vaccines

Answer 28

* Epitope + paratope groups * Lock + key theory * Absolutely safe vaccines

Question 29

Anti-idiotype vaccine production

Answer 29

1. Animal species 'A' immunised with viral antigen 2. Anti-viral IgG 'A' is purified 3. Animal species 'B' is immunised with antiviral IgG 'A' 4. Anti-(IgG 'A') IgG 'B' is purified 5. Fab of IgG 'B' → Viral antigen (Usually with monoclonal antibodies)