Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Respi > Meds for cough and cold > Flashcards

Meds for cough and cold Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Classes of drugs to treat runny nose/sneezing

A

Intranasal ipratropium (mucoregulator)
Intranasal/inhaled cromoglicic acid
H1 antihistamines
Intranasal corticosteroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Class of drugs to treat sore throat and headache

A

Analgesics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Class of drugs to treat fever

A

Antipyretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Class of drugs to treat blocked nose

A

Nasal decongestant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Class of drugs to treat dry cough

A

Cough suppressants/antitussive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Class of drugs to treat wet cough

A

Expectorants and mucoactive agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a common cold?

A

Viral infection of URT
- cough and cold meds for symptomatic relief only
- usually resolve within 3-7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pathophysio of common cold that causes nasal congestion

A

Viral infection -> trigger mast cell degranulation -> release histamine and inflammatory mediators -> inflammation -> vasodilation and excess mucus production -> nasal congestion/rhinorrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is post-nasal drip?

A

When mucus drip and irritate back of throat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Associations of nasal congestion

A

Decreased sympathetic vasoconstriction of submucosal blood vessels

Increased parasympathetic stimulation of mucus secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Eg of mucoregulator

A

Ipratropium -> M3 antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Uses of mucoregulators

A

Used to control sever cold symptoms

Decrease mucus hypersecretion from goblet cells and submucosal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

MOA of ipratropium

A

Short acting muscarinic receptor antagonist (SAMA)

Blocks inflammation-induced parasympathetic cholinergic receptor (M3) activation of submucosal glands/goblet cells

Decrease stimulated mucus output and sputum vol

DOES NOT dry basal secretion/increase normal viscosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Side effect of ipratropium

A

Few as little enters systemic circulation via intranasal route

Unpleasant taste -> non-compliance

Dry mouth

Urinary retention in elderly -> indicates that a lot of the drug is entering systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What kind of drug is cromoglicic acid?

A

Mast cell stabiliser

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

MOA of cromoglicic acid

A

Controls Cl- channels to inhibit cellular activation

Decrease mast cell degranulation induced by IgE-mediated Fc epsilon RI crosslinking

Decrease secretion of inflammatory mediators from eosinophils, neutrophils and macrophages

Increase secretion of annexin A1
- annexin A1 inhibits prostaglandin and leukotriene pdtn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Side effects of cromoglicic acid

A

Throat and nasal irritation, mouth dryness, cough

Unpleasant/bitter taste -> non-compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Uses of antihistamine

A

Treat rhinorrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Eg of decongestants

A

Sympathomimetic agents
- phenylephrine, oxymetazoline, naphazoline, pseudoephedrine, ephedrine

Nasal glucocorticoid
- fluticasone, mometasone

NOTE: intranasal more effective than oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

MOA of sympathomimetic agents

A

Direct alpha adrenoceptor agonist
- alpha-1 selective: phenylephrine
- non-selective: oxymetazoline/naphazoline

Indirect increase in release of adrenaline/noradrenaline
- pseudoephedrine/ephedrine

Vasoconstriction of nasal blood vessels

Reduce inflammation and secretion of mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Administration of nasal glucocorticoid

A

Intranasal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

MOA of nasal glucocorticoid

A

Anti-inflammatory -> decrease inflammation -> decrease congestion and mucus secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Notable feature of fluticasone

A

Rose water odour -> pt can’t tolerate -> non-compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Adverse effects of sympathomimetics

A

Rebound congestion
- occurs w/ prolonged use of topical intranasal decongestants -> compensatory upregulation of endogenous parasympathetic sys

CNS stimulation
- more likely w/ oral decongestants
- restlessness, tremors, irritability, anxiety and insomnia

CVS
- via activation of alpha adrenoceptors
- more likely oral decongestants
- hypertension due vasoconstriction
- tachycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Adverse effects of glucocorticoids
Systemic side effects limited by intranasal delivery Local mucosal dryness and irritation
26
Proper way to deliver nasal drops and sprays
Lie down and tilt head back before applying drops/bend body forward all the way down and apply drops - as long as body is not put in a position that can allow medication to be easily ingested (i.e: standing)
27
Why should you know over-the-counter cough and cold formulations?
To avoid prescribing drugs in the same class to pts
28
What is cough?
Defense reflex mechanism to clear upper airways
29
Eg of protussive stimuli
Cigarette smoke Bradykinin PGE2 Histamine TNF-alpha
30
Management of cough
Elimination of precipitating factor and treatment of underlying cause
31
Pathophysio of cough
Sensory input to brainstem nuclei regulating cough generation -> antitussive and cough suppressants work in CNS to suppress cough
32
How are antitussives classified? Which one is more potent?
Opioid antitussives - more potent Nonopioid antitussives
33
Eg of opioid antitussives
Codeine
34
Pros and cons of codeine
Pros - most effective/potent antitussive Cons - potential for abuse - sedation - respi depression on overdose - risk in pts w/ severe respi insufficiency
35
Eg of nonopioid antitussives
Dextromethorphan - most potent antitussive among nonopioid class Diphenhydramine - 1st gen antihistamine
36
Pros and cons of dextromethorphan
Pros - less risk of addiction - most effective non-opioid antitussive Cons - drowsiness, dizziness - GIT adverse effects - potential for abuse at high doses
37
Pros and cons of diphenhydramine
Pros - no risk of addiction Cons - sedation - anticholinergic adverse effects
38
MOA of codeine
Acts in CNS to suppress cough
39
Cautions to take when prescribing codeine
CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolisers -> more codeine rapidly converted to morphine -> greater risk of opioid adverse effect if dose is not adjusted Children more sensitive to opioid-induced respi depression as respi centres and livers are not fully developed -> not recommended for those <18 yrs old
40
Uses of dextromethorphan
Non-productive cough
41
MOA of dextromethorphan
Acts in CNS to suppress cough
42
Adverse effects of dextromethorphan
CNS -> drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, insomnia, excitement, nervousness - last 3 exp at higher doses GIT -> nausea, vomiting, stomach pain Abuse potential at high dose -> dissociative anaesthetic-like effect
43
Opiate vs opioid
Opiate - chemical derived from components of opium Opioid - agonist at opioid receptor
44
Actions of opiate
Nonselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor Sigma-1 receptor agonist NMDA receptor blocker at high dose
45
MOA of diphenhydramine
Antihistamine MOA of antitussive action unknown
46
Adverse effects of diphenhydramine
Sedative Anticholinergic
47
What kind of drug is guaifenesin?
Expectorants - promote coughing -> increased fluid in airways stimulates more coughing
48
Uses of guaifenesin
Wet cough
49
Dosage forms of guaifenesin
Oral soln Tablet
50
MOA of guaifenesin
Increases pdtn of respi tract fluids to help liquefy and reduce viscosity of tenacious secretions
51
Adverse effects of guaifenesin
GIT disturbance Nausea
52
Advise to pts when prescribing guaifenesin
Not for persistent cough associated w/ asthma/smoking Take w/ adequate fluid to make secretions less viscous and protect renal fn - kidney stones reported on overdose
53
Is guaifenesin suitable for children?
Caution <6 yrs old Not indicated < 2 yrs old
54
Eg of mucolytics and their dosage forms
Acetylcysteine, carbocisteine Inhalation, effervescent tablets, oral granules, syrups
55
Disadvantage of mucolytic agents
Smells and tastes strongly of sulphur -> non-compliance
56
MOA of mucolytics
Free sulfhydryl grp opens disulphide bonds in mucoproteins -> lowers mucus viscosity
57
Adverse effects of mucolytics
Bronchospasm -> used w/ caution for pts w/ asthma Anaphylactoid rxns -> rash, hypotension, dyspnea, wheezing GIT disturbance -> carbocisteine contraindicated in pts w/ active peptic ulcer
58
What grp of pts req caution when administering mucolytics?
Elderly/debilitated pts w/ severe respi insufficiency Pts w/ asthma
59
Eg of mucokinetics
Bromhexine Ambroxol - active metabolite of bromhexine
60
MOA of mucokinetics
Promote mucus clearance - increase ciliary beat freq - decrease adherence of mucus to cilia Stimulate surfactant pdtn - surfactant is an anti-glue factor to prevent mucus from sticking to alveolar and bronchial walls Antioxidant as free radical scavenger Anti-inflammatory by decreasing cytokines Suppresses influenza virus multiplication Local anesthetic by blocking voltage-gated Na+ channel
61
Potential side effects of mucokinetics
Allergic rxns Cutaneous adverse effects Avoid in pts w/ hist of asthma and peptic ulcer disease Caution < 6yrs old Not indicated < 2 yrs old
62
Is cough and cold medication safe for paediatric use?
Usually don't medicate, only observe closely as infection takes its normal course - under 2 yrs usually not recommended - 2 yrs and above use w/ caution

Respi (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions