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Overview of respi sys anat Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general fn of the respi sys?

A

Air conduction and filtration

Gas exchange in alveoli

Olfaction (sense of smell) in nasal cavities

Phonation: pdtion of sound in larynx

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2
Q

Components of conducting portion of respi sys

A

Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles

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3
Q

Fn of conducting portion of respi sys

A

Provide air conditioning
- filtering
- warming and moistening air prior to reaching respiratory portion

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4
Q

Components of respiratory portion

A

Part where gas exchange occurs
- respiratory bronchioles. alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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5
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

Standing straight, upright and facing you

Both feet tgt, toes pointing forwards

Arms fully extended by the side

Palms facing forward thumbs at right angles

Head held erect, eyes looking straight ahead

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6
Q

What does it mean if something is anterior (ventral) relative to a point?

A

Nearer to front

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7
Q

What does it mean if something is posterior (dorsal) relative to a point?

A

Nearer to back

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8
Q

What does it mean if something is medial relative to a point?

A

Nearer to median plane

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9
Q

What does it mean if something is lateral relative to a point?

A

Farther from medial plane

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10
Q

What does it mean if something is proximal relative to a point?

A

Nearer to trunk/point of origin

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11
Q

What does it mean if something is distal relative to a point?

A

Farther from trunk/point of origin

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12
Q

What does it mean if something is superior (cranial) relative to a point?

A

Nearer to head

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13
Q

What does it mean if something is inferior (caudal) relative to a point?

A

Nearer to feet

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14
Q

What does it mean if something is superficial relative to a point?

A

Nearer to surface

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15
Q

What does it mean if something is intermediate relative to a point?

A

Between superficial and deep structure

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16
Q

What does it mean if something is deep relative to a point?

A

Farther from surface

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17
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Vertical plane running from front to back, divides the body/any of its parts into right and left sides

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18
Q

What is the coronal (frontal) plane?

A

Vertical plane running from side to side, divides the body/any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions

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19
Q

What is the transverse (axial/transaxial) plane?

A

Horizontal plane, perpendicular to both sagittal and coronal planes and parallel to the ground, divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section

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20
Q

What is cephalic a synonym for?

A

Head

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21
Q

What is cervical a synonym for?

A

Neck

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22
Q

What is cranial a synonym for?

A

Skull

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23
Q

What is nasal a synonym for?

A

Nose

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24
Q

What is pectoral a synonym for?

A

Chest

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25
What is the thorax?
Superior part of the trunk btw the neck and abdomen
26
Components of the thorax
Thoracic wall and thoracic cavity
27
Components of the thoracic wall
Skeleton, muscles, superficial fascia and skin
28
What is the thoracic cavity?
Hollow space surrounded by the rib cage and the diaphragm
29
What does the thoracic cavity contain?
Heart, lungs and major vessels
30
What is the fn of the thorax?
Breathing Protection of vital organs
31
Anterior parts of thoracic skeleton
Sternum Coastal cartilages
32
Lateral parts of thoracic skeleton
Ribs - 12 on each side Intercostal space
33
Posterior parts of thoracic skeleton
12 thoracic vertebrae and their intervertebral (IV) discs
34
What does spinous process of vertebrae refer to?
Small, wing-like projection of bone that points outward from each vertebra along the spine
35
What does transverse process of vertebrae refer to?
Lateral projections on each side of the vertebrae
36
Which germ layer is the bones, cartilage, connective tissue of skeleton and muscles derived from?
Mesoderm
37
Features of thoracic apertures
Thorax has a narrow opening superiorly (STA -> superior thoracic aperture) and relatively large opening (ITA -> inferior thoracic aperture) - thorax communicates w/ neck via STA - ITA closed by diaphragm
38
What separates the thorax from the abdomen?
Diaphragm
39
What are the accessory muscles of respiration?
Pectoralis major and minor Serratus anterior Subclavius
40
Where are the accessory muscles of respiration located?
Superficially on the anterior thoracic wall
41
Does the origin of a muscle (aka proximal attachment) move during contraction?
No
42
Does the insertion of a muscle (aka distal attachment) move during contraction?
Yes
43
Features of skeletal muscle
Widespread in human body Striated, long cylindrical muscle cells Multiple flat nuclei beneath sarcolemma Neuromuscular jn, T-tubule receive, propagate nerve impulses Actin and myosin myofilaments interact and contract
44
Where are the intercostal muscles located?
Anterior thoracic wall
45
Name the layers of intercostal muscle starting w/ the most superficial layer
External intercostal muscle -> superficial Internal intercostal muscle Innermost intercostal muscle -> deep
46
How many of each intercostal muscles are there?
11 pairs of external and internal intercostal muscles respectively Only 1 innermost intercostal muscle
47
What supplies the intercostal muscles?
Intercostal vessels
48
What innervated the intercostal muscles?
Intercostal nerves
49
Name the vessels supplying the part of the intercostal muscle closest to the spinal vertebrae
Posterior intercostal artery and vein
50
Name the vessels supplying the part of the intercostal muscles closest to the sternum
Anterior intercostal artery and vein
51
Name the vessels supplying the part of the intercostal muscles btw the anterior and posterior vessels
Collateral branch of intercostal nerve
52
What is a spinal segment?
Part of the spinal cord that is attached to the anterior and posterior rootlets of the spinal nerve/gives rise to rootlets that form 1 pair of spinal nerves
53
How many spinal segments are there? How many of them are thoracic spinal segments?
31 pairs, 12 pairs of thoracic
54
What does the breast consist of?
Mammary gland tissue, fibrous tissue, ligaments, septa and fat
55
Arteries supplying the breast
Internal mammary artery -> perforating branches Anterior intercostal arteries Lateral thoracic branch of axillary artery
56
Veins supplying the breast
Internal mammary veins Intercostal veins -> posterior and anterior Axillary vein -> lateral thoracic tributary
57
Lymphatics of the breast
Axillary nodes Internal thoracic nodes
58
Nerves innervating the breast
2nd to 6th intercostal nerves -> anterior and lateral cutaneous branches
59
What is the diaphragm?
Principal muscle of inspiration
60
Portions of the diaphragm
Peripheral muscular part Central aponeurotic part (central tendon)
61
Innervation of the diaphragm
Phrenic (ventral ramus of C3-C5 spinal nerves)
62
How does the thoracic wall move during inspiration?
Contraction of external intercostal muscles elevate the ribs -> increase transverse (bucket handle movement) and anteroposterior diameter of the thorax (pump handle movement)
63
What is the bucket handle movement?
Elevation of the lateral shaft of the rib
64
What is the pump handle movement?
Superior and anterior movement of sternum
65
How do the muscles move during expiration?
Internal intercostal muscles depress the rib Passive recoil of thorax -> main mechanism of expiration
66
What is the main mechanism for expiration?
Passive recoil of thorax
67
Where is the thoracic cavity located?
Within the thoracic cage
68
3 portions of thoracic cavity
Mediastinum -> area btw right and left pulmonary cavity Right and left pulmonary cavities
69
What does the pulmonary cavity contain?
Contains the lungs and pleurae (lining membrane)
70
What does the mediastinum contain?
Heart and root of the great vessels (SVC, ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk)
71
Level of the sternal angle
T5
72
Where is the superior mediastinum located?
Above the sternal angle
73
Where is the inferior mediastinum located?
Below the sternal angle
74
What is the pleura?
Thin serous membrane forming a pleural cavity in each lung
75
Which germ layer does the pleura originate from?
Mesoderm
76
What lines the pleura?
Single layer of mesothelial cells
77
What are the 2 layers of the pleura?
Visceral pleura Parietal pleura
78
What does the visceral pleura cover?
Cover the lung and fissures btw the lobes
79
What does the parietal pleura cover?
Lines the pulmonary cavities
80
What is the pleural space/cavity?
Space btw the layers of pleura and it contains serous pleural fluid
81
Fn of serous pleural fluid
Acts as lubricant during respiratory movement
82
Recesses of the pleura and where they are located
Costo-diaphragmtic - below the tip of the lower lobe Costo-mediastinal - lateral to the mediastinum
83
Name of the diff regions of the parietal pleura and where they are located
Cervical pleura - superior to the upper lobe Costal pleura - btw cervical and diaphragmatic pleura Diaphragmatic pleura - near the diaphragm (line base of lung) Mediastinal pleura - near the mediastinum
84
What are the lungs?
Vital organs for respiration
85
How many surfaces and borders does the lung have?
3 surfaces - mediastinal surface - diaphragmatic surface - costal surface (anterior surface of lung) 3 borders - anterior border - posterior border - inferior border
86
How many lobes does each lung have?
Right lung has 3 lobes -> superior, middle, inferior Left lung has 3 lobes -> superior, inferior
87
What divides the lungs into lobes?
Oblique and horizontal fissure
88
Does both lungs have horizontal fissure?
No, only right lung has
89
What does the root of the lungs contain?
Main bronchus, pulmonary artery, 2 pulmonary veins, bronchial vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels
90
What supplies the lungs?
Bronchial artery -> nutrients Pulmonary artery -> functional
91
How does the trachea divide?
Trachea -> main bronchi -> lobar bronchi -> segmental bronchi -> conducting bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs -> alveoli
92
Where is a foreign body most likely to end up during aspiration?
Right lung - right main bronchus is wider, shorter and run more vertically
93
Which germ layer is the respi epithelium derived from?
Endoderm
94
What kind of cells make up the respi epithelium?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (w/ cilia)

Respi (16 decks)

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