Mem and Emo (2)

Question 1

What is the memory strength of STM?

Answer 1

(STM) lasts for minutes-hours, but then decays

Question 2

What is the memory strength of LTM?

Answer 2

(LTM) emerges over time and persists

Question 3

What is the effect of brain stimulation?

Answer 3

Causally-changing behavior

Question 4

An advantage of brain stimulation?

Answer 4

demonstrates true involvement in a task

Question 5

An disadvantage of brain stimulation?

Answer 5

need to know where to look

Question 6

3 advantages of brain imaging?

Answer 6

1. demonstrates involvement regardless of necessity
2. can image whole brain
3. can provide insight into how a brain area contributes to a task

Question 7

2 disadvantages of brain imaging?

Answer 7

1. doesn’t demonstrate necessity

2. susceptible to false positives

Question 8

What is anisomycin?

Answer 8

a bacterial compound that impairs protein synthesis.

Question 9

What are the effects of anisomycin on the amygdala?

Answer 9

Infusion of anisomycin into the amygdala impairs fear memory consolidation – STM intact; LTM impaired.

Question 10

What is ARC protein important for?

Answer 10

consolidation

Question 11

What type of receptors are required for memory acquisition?

Answer 11

NMDA receptors

Question 12

What type of synthesis does NMDA receptors allow?

Answer 12

Arc synthesis

Question 13

What type of conditioning is the amygdala involved in?

Answer 13

Fear conditioning

Question 14

What are the 3 stages of visual?

Answer 14

Iconic memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory

Question 15

How long does iconic memory last for?

Answer 15

persists for around a single second

Question 16

How long does short-term memory last for?

Answer 16

persisting for several seconds

Question 17

How long does long-term memory last for?

Answer 17

last for up to an entire lifetime

Question 18

What is Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

Answer 18

electromagnet to induce small electrical currents

Question 19

What are the effects of TMS on the brain?

Answer 19

altering brain activity

Question 20

What 3 type of lesions are there?

Answer 20

excitotoxic lesions
electrolytic
aspiration

Question 21

What is an excitotoxic lesion?

Answer 21

chemicals to over-stimulate neurons to death

Question 22

What is an electrolytic lesion?

Answer 22

electrical current-induced damage

Question 23

What is an aspiration lesion?

Answer 23

sucking out a part of the brain

Question 24

What are lesions used for in research?

Answer 24

distinguishing between areas that might be involved in acquisition vs. retention and expression of memories

Question 25

What is inactivation of a brain region?

Answer 25

Brain regions can be reversibly inhibited with chemicals

Question 26

Visceral inputs connect to the amygdala from the?

Answer 26

Hypothalamus Orbital cortex Septal Area Parabrachial nucleus

Question 27

Olfactory inputs connect to the amygdala from the?

Answer 27

Olfactory Bulb

Question 28

Auditory, visual and somatosensory inputs connect to the amygdala via the?

Answer 28

Temporal and anterior cingulate cortices

Question 29

What is the ventral amygdalofugal output pathway of the amygdala important for?

Answer 29

Allows motivation and drives influence responses

Question 30

What type of learning does the ventral amygdalofugal pathway allow?

Answer 30

Associative learning

Question 31

What response does the central nucleus of the amygdala produce?

Answer 31

Autonomic components of emotion

Question 32

What 3 changes make up autonomic components of emotion?

Answer 32

Changes in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration

Question 33

What output pathways from the amygdala produce autonomic components of emotion?

Answer 33

Lateral hypothalamus | Brain stem

Question 34

What type of lesions in the amygdala cause increased intensity in emotion?

Answer 34

Irritative

Question 35

What type of lesions in the amygdala cause decreased intensity in emotion?

Answer 35

Ablation = removal

Question 36

What other area in the brain is the amygdala connected to in order to recognise facial emotions?

Answer 36

Inferotemporal cortex

Question 37

The amygdala is connected to what other part of the brain in fear conditioning?

Answer 37

Thalamus

Question 38

Other than fear conditioning what other type of learning is the amygdala involved in?

Answer 38

Pleasureful emotional learning

Question 39

How does the amygdala process pleasureful emotional learning?

Answer 39

Establishes a link between the stimulus and the reward gained

Question 40

What is the neural circuit mechanism of memory?

Answer 40

Synaptic activity causes responses in the body to certain stimuli, which are kept in memory through hebbian learning.

Question 41

What neurotransmitter increases sensitisation of learning?

Answer 41

Serotonin

Question 42

How does serotonin increase sensitisation of neurones?

Answer 42

Modulates strength of connection between sensory and motor neurones

Question 43

Principle of learning in terms of biochemistry?

Answer 43

Secondary messenger systems are used

Question 44

Principle of memory in terms of biochemistry?

Answer 44

Change in neuronal membrane channels

Question 45

What is a critical secondary messenger involved in memory?

Answer 45

cyclic AMP

Question 46

In terms of biology, what is a major difference between ltm and stm?

Answer 46

Ltm involves changes in protein synthesis and gene regulation.

Question 47

What changes have to occur in the brain for LTM to be effective?

Answer 47

Structure of neurones, varicosities (swelling), growth of new synapses

Question 48

What other transcription factor is specifically needed for LTM?

Answer 48

CREB - cAMP response element binding protein

Question 49

What is CREB involved in for LTM?

Answer 49

Regulate gene expression, causes changes in protein expression for inducing LTM's.

Question 50

What is instrumental conditioning?

Answer 50

Behaviours are performed to produce a desired effect

Question 51

What is Urbach-Wiethe disease?

Answer 51

Selective degeneration to amygdala in both sides of the brain

Question 52

What causes Urbach-Wiethe disease?

Answer 52

Selective accumulation of calcium deposits in the amygdala, causing neuronal cell death

Question 53

What chemical from a puffer fish is capable of silencing brain activity?

Answer 53

Tertrodotoxin

Question 54

How does tetrodotoxin silence brain activity?

Answer 54

Blocks sodium channels, preventing action potentials from firing.

Question 55

What chemicals can be used as agonists for GABAergic receptors?

Answer 55

Baclofen/muscimol

Question 56

How does the increased activation of GABAergic neurotransmitter silence brain activity?

Answer 56

Neuronal inhibition occurs, causing reduced brain activity.

Question 57

What happens to proteins in the consolidation of LTM?

Answer 57

Phosphorylated by kinases

Question 58

What pathway regulates ARC protein expression?

Answer 58

ERK/MAPK, phosphorylates kinases to regulate ARC proteins

Question 59

What does the ERK/MAPK signalling pathway do?

Answer 59

Phosphorylates proteins, such as the ARC protein