memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

way in which we record past events and knowledge

Question 2

three things needed to happen for memory

Answer 2

acquisition, storage, retrieval

Question 3

acquisition

Answer 3

we have to learn it the first time, even if you acquire it doesn’t mean you have it in your head

Question 4

storage

Answer 4

hold onto it/store it (tip on your tongue is failure to retrieve it from storage

Question 5

retrieval

Answer 5

be able to recount on it/go back and find it

Question 6

sensory register

Answer 6

large capacity and short duration
demonstrated by Sperling’s partial report procedure

Question 7

sperling’s partial report procedure

Answer 7

show participants a matrix of letters for 500 milliseconds, asked to report as many letters as they could, couldn’t tell how much they held since it was displaced by new information, came up by training them in advance by memorizing three tones of a bell (one tone per row), 500 milliseconds again and then tone, could recite it better when “chunked” into different rows, demonstrated that entire array was there but only for a really short time and only report part of it

Question 8

echoic sensory register

Answer 8

duration for 1-3 seconds, hearing register

Question 9

short term memory

Answer 9

small capacity of seven (give or take two)
duration of 15-30 seconds
keep things there longer by focusing attention on it or leaks away/bumped out

Question 10

long term memory

Answer 10

large capacity
can’t fill up and keep things in there for years

Question 11

dual track memory

Answer 11

implicit and explicit

Question 12

implicit

Answer 12

non-declarative/unconscious
space, time, frequency
procedural
classical conditioning associations

Question 13

procedural

Answer 13

things you know how to/your how-to memories (ex. riding a bike)

Question 14

classical conditioning associations

Answer 14

learned taste aversions
can’t directly tap into but is just there
(ex. fear, reactions to all types of things due to past experiences)

Question 15

explicit

Answer 15

declarative, conscious
semantic and episodic

Question 16

semantic

Answer 16

memory for meaning

Question 17

episodic

Answer 17

memories for events/experiences

Question 18

recognition

Answer 18

recognizing the object

Question 19

free recall

Answer 19

placing the object

Question 20

primacy effect

Answer 20

remembering the first thing you did/the beginning

Question 21

recency effect

Answer 21

remembering the last thing you did/the ending

Question 22

false memory

Answer 22

put in word relate to other words, think you heard it

Question 23

surprise effect

Answer 23

something stands out which makes you remember it (ex. artichoke in class example)

Question 24

repetition effect

Answer 24

remembering something due to hearing it multiple times (ex. night in class example)

Question 25

metamemory

Answer 25

knowing things about your memory/capabilities

Question 26

strategies to get explicit information into memory

Answer 26

rehearsal (maintenance and elaborative) organization chunking mnemonics hierarchies

Question 27

maintenance

Answer 27

simple, look at word, say its definition not effective

Question 28

elaborative

Answer 28

deep processing linking it to things you already know in your memory very effective

Question 29

mnemonics

Answer 29

memory tricks that use rhymes or the first letter of every word in sentence to make a word to remember

Question 30

how to study

Answer 30

repeatedly more active thinking personally meaningful material mnemonics retrieval clues minimize interference test yourself deep processing

Question 31

infantile amnesia

Answer 31

not pathological, just happens, don’t have memories since before 3 or 4 years of age occurs (just ideas) due to language development (not based on semantic, they are visual, language dominants mind) and how live for babies is repetitive and safe, nothing to remember

Question 32

source amnesia (misattribution)

Answer 32

we think we learn something in one place but then realize we learn it someplace else (package lost in house but was never actually there)

Question 33

retrograde amnesia

Answer 33

don’t remember the past, loss of existing memories, if it comes back, it comes back in chronological order

Question 34

anterograde amnesia

Answer 34

can’t create new memories H.M. who could make new memories due to brain surgery to remove part of brain because of epilepsy Clive the musician effect declarative memory

Question 35

proactive interference

Answer 35

old learning disrupts new learning

Question 36

retroactive interference

Answer 36

new learning disrupts old learning

Question 37

retrieval failure

Answer 37

tip-of-the-tongue phenomena, can be prevented by elaborative rehearsal

Question 38

reconstructive memory with Liben and Signorella

Answer 38

showed pictures of traditional, non-traditional and neutral gender roles to children established that children had gender role stereotypes due to them remembering the pictures with traditional and not non-traditional

Question 39

iconic memory

Answer 39

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, brief visual memory lasting less then a second

Question 40

which type of processing would best prepare you to recognize a word at a later time?

Answer 40

deep processing

Question 41

what brain structure impacts explicit memory?

Answer 41

hippocampus

Question 42

sleep supports what part of the memory process?

Answer 42

memory consolidation

Question 43

flashbulb memory

Answer 43

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment/event

Question 44

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 44

rapid stimulation in neurons that increase firing potential; a basis for learning and remembering

Question 45

what brain structure impacts flashbulb memories?

Answer 45

amygdala

Question 46

what brain structure impacts implicit memory?

Answer 46

cerebellum

Question 47

priming

Answer 47

the unconscious activation of particular associations in memory

Question 48

encoding specificity principle

Answer 48

idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

Question 49

reconsolidation

Answer 49

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again