Memory

Question 1

Multi-store model pathway

Answer 1

Sensory - STM - LTM

Question 2

Jacobs (1887) - MSM STM capacity

Answer 2

• Participants asked to repeat strings of letters/numbers
• STM capacity = 7 letters, 9 numbers

Question 3

Baddeley (1966) - word list + findings

Answer 3

• Participants remember 4 10-word lists - Immediate recall - acoustically similar worse
• Recall after 20 min - semantically similar worse

Question 4

Peterson and Peterson (1959) - trigrams and STM duration

Answer 4

• 24 students given 3 letter trigram remember
• Asked to count back from a number to prevent rehersal
• Recall after 3 seconds = 80%
• Recall after 18 seconds = 10%

Question 5

Bahrick (1975) - classmate photos + findings

Answer 5

• Participants matched names to their old classmate’s photos, and then recalled pictures with no name clue and vice versa.
• 90% recalled accurately 34 years later
• 80% recalled accurately 48 years later.

Question 6

STM capacity evaluation point of MSM

Answer 6

STM capacity varies based on age/practice, not a fixed capacity

Question 7

Sensory registry duration evaluation point

Answer 7

Short duration supported by evolutionary theory, too much info retained = slower reactions.

Question 8

Episodic memory definition

Answer 8

Long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences

Question 9

Semantic memory

Answer 9

Memory of facts/meanings

Question 10

Procedural memory definition

Answer 10

Unconscious memory of how to carry out a variety of skills and activities; is a type of implicit memory.

Question 11

Clive Wearing (LTM)

Answer 11

No episodic memory, but has procedural (piano) and semantic memory, has no ability to form new memories.

Question 12

WMM - Central Executive

Answer 12

Head of model, receives sensory info and allocates resource to slave systems accordingly

Question 13

WMM - Phonological Loop

Answer 13

Inner ear - stores recent audio information
Articulacy process - inner voice, stores info via sub vocal repetition

Question 14

WMM - Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad

Answer 14

Visual cache - stores form and colour of objects
Inner scribe - stores 3D spatial arrangement

Question 15

Episodic buffer

Answer 15

Added in 2000, a storage component of working memory that combines the images and sounds from the other two components into coherent, story-like episodes

Question 16

What is special about patient KF?

Answer 16

Suffered motorbike accident and had an impaired auditory STM, but his visual STM was intact

Question 17

Braver (1997) - central executive study

Answer 17

Found evidence of CE in the prefrontal cortex, activation detected when completing CE tasks (increased with harder tasks)

Question 18

Proactive interference

Answer 18

Old info disrupts new

Question 19

Retroactive interference

Answer 19

New info disrupts old

Question 20

Factors affecting interference (2)

Answer 20

1. Semantically similar = more interference
2. Less likely when time gap in learning

Question 21

Retrieval failure defintion

Answer 21

The inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues

Question 22

What are context dependent cues, and how do they function?

Answer 22

• Environmental cues in the situation where memory was formed
• Act as retrieval cues to help access the memories formed in that context.

Question 23

State-dependent retrieval idea

Answer 23

Retrieval is better when the person is in the same mood/state of arousal

Question 24

Overton (1964) - state-dependent retrieval study

Answer 24

Material learnt drunk and sober, found recall better when in the same state.

Question 25

Godden and Baddeley (1975) - context-dependent retrieval study

Answer 25

1. Material learnt underwater and on land. 2. Recall better if tested in the same environment (small opportunity sample)

Question 26

Factors which affect EWT (2)

Answer 26

1. Leading questions 2. Post-event discussion/contamination

Question 27

Loftus and Palmer (1974) - traffic accident study

Answer 27

- 45 Participants showed clips of traffic accidents - Asking a leading question about the speed of the accident.

Question 28

Loftus and Palmer results (2 points)

Answer 28

1. 'Contacted' = 31.8 mph 'Smashed' = 40.8 mph 2. Participants are twice as likely to report broken glass after a follow-up questionnaire

Question 29

Gabbert et al (2003) (3)

Answer 29

- 2 groups of participants showed alternative perspective videos of a theft - 71% of those who had a post-event discussion reported information they hadn't see - 0% for the group with no discussion

Question 30

Johnson and Scott (1976) - weapon focus study (3)

Answer 30

- Participants sitting in a waiting room - A man walks out with a pen - recall = 49% - A man walks out with a knife - recall = 33%

Question 31

Yullie and Cutshall (1986) - anxiety increases EWT accuracy? (3 points)

Answer 31

- Interviewed 13 witnesses to shootings 4 months later - Recall was as high as 88% - Witnesses who reported the highest stress had the most accurate recall

Question 32

The 4 cognitive interview steps

Answer 32

1. Context reinstatement 2. Report everything 3. Recall from a different perspective 4. Recall in reverse order

Question 33

Fisher et al (1989) - Cognitive interview supporting evaluation (2)

Answer 33

- 16 matched pair detectives at Florida PD - CI group obtained 63% more info compared to the regular interview control group

Question 34

Cognitive interview evaluation points (2 negatives)

Answer 34

1. More time-consuming + requires training 2. Increase in correct (81%) and false (61%) information via Kohnken et al (1999)

Question 35

Key studies for this topic

Answer 35

- Bahrick (1975) - yearbok photos - Kohnken et al (1999) - cog interview - Baddely (1996) - acoustic vs semantically similar - Godden and Baddely (1966) - underwater - Gabbert et al (2003) - post event discussion - Johnson and Scott (1966) - weapon focus - Yullie and Cutshall (1986) - ineverted U theory