Memory Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Memory
A
A system that encodes, stores, and retreives information
2
Q
three retention measures
A
recall, recognition, relearning
3
Q
Recall
A
One must reproduce previously presented material (essay test, sketch of a subject)
4
Q
Recognition
A
One must identify information that is provided, which has previously been presented (multiple choice test, police line up)
5
Q
Relearning
A
Relearning information that has been previously learned, but you do so quicker a second time around. Improves strength of memories (Review sessions)
6
Q
Information-processing model
A
Human brain takes essentially meaningless information and turns it into meaningful patterns
7
Q
Three steps of information-processing model
A
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
8
Q
Encoding
A
getting information into memory
9
Q
Storage
A
Keeping information in our memory
10
Q
Retrieval
A
Getting information out of our memory
11
Q
Parallel processing
A
Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously (sometimes unconsciously)
12
Q
Three stage model of human memory
A
- Record information to remember as a fleeting sensory memory
- Process information into short-term or working memory, where we encode through rehearsal
- information can move into long-term memory for later retrieval
13
Q
Rehearsal
A
conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
14
Q
3 types of encoding
A
semantic, acoustic, visual
15
Q
semantic encoding
A
encoding of meaning, including meaning of words
16
Q
Acoustic encoding
A
encoding of sound, especially sound of words
16
Q
Visual encoding
A
encoding of picture images
17
Q
Rosy retrospection
A
Recalling the high points while forgetting the mundane
18
Q
Mnemonics
A
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
19
Q
Peg-word system
A
“one is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree, four is a door”- requires visualization of a jingle
20
Q
Sensory memory
A
the immediate recording of sensory information in the memory system
20
Q
Hierarchies
A
few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts
21
Q
Working memory
A
holds a few items briefly, before the information is stored or forgotten
22
Q
long-term memory
A
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, experiences
23
What does the hippocampus do in terms of storage
Long term processing site for explicit memories. (declarative)
Left: verbal information
Right: visual information
24
What role does cerebellum play in storage
Processes implicit memories created through classical conditioning (non declarative)
25
Long-term potentiation
The more a memory is utilized, the more potential strength that neuron has. Neural basis for learning and remembering associations
26
Retreival cues
Search terms we use to activate memory- like a google search, the more specific, the better results
26
Encoding specificity principle
the more closely the retreival cues match the way the information was encoded, the better the information will be remembered
27
Mood-congruent memory
We tend to selectively remember our memories that match our current mood
28
Eidetic imagery
recall a memory and portraying the most interesting and meaningful parts most accuratley
29
2 types of processing
shallow, deep
30
Shallow processing
Leads to short term retention using visual and verbal processing
31
Deep processing
semantic processing:
happens when we encode the meaning of a word and relate it to similar words with similar meaning
Deep processing involves elaboration rehearsal, a more meaningful analysis of information and leads to better recall
31
Coping mechanisms of working memory
chunking and rehearsal
32
chunking
Creating chunks based on patterns or meaningful units of memory, allows us to fit more information into the seven available slots of working memory
33
Rehearsal
Information is repeated to keep it from fading while in working memory
33
Spacing effect
tendency for distributed practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through mass study or practice
34
Testing effect
testing improves memory- enhanced memory after retrieving rather than just simply reading information (reading checks)
35
Working memory location
frontal cortex
36
Implicit memory
A memory that was not deliberately learned- no conscious awareness (muscle memory of throwing a ball, automatic processing)
37
Explicit memory
a memory that had been processed with attention and can be consciously recalled (the three stages of memory, effortful processing)
38
Types of declarative memory
Episodic, Semantic
39
Episodic memory
Portion of memory that stores personal events or "episodes" (ex: time and place)
40
Semantic memory
Portion of memory stores general knowledge, facts and language meaning (where all the information you "know" is stored)
41
Flashbulb memory
Clear and vivid memories of highly emotional events. Remembering exactly where they were, when it happened, emotions (9/11)
42
Priming
Technique in which the introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus (Ex: prime someone to walk more slowly by having them read words like cautious or leisurely)
43
Consolidation
Information in the working memory is gradually changed over to long term memories
44
What does the amygdala do for memory
strengthening memories that have strong emotional connections
45
Schemas
personal understanding of specific settings. direct our memory construction
46
Misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
(car accident example)
47
Why does imagination inflation occur
Visualizing something and actually perceiving it activate similar brain areas
48
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to remember information previously stored in memory
49
Anterograde amnesia
inability to form memories from new material
50
Source amnesia and cause
can learn new facts, but have no memory of the source because of consolidation error
51
Transience/Decay theory
unused memories fade gradually over time
52
Interference theory
other memories interfere with retrieval
53
Types of interference
Proactive, retroactive
54
Proactive interference
When an old memory disrupts the learning and remembering of a new memory
55
Retroactive interference
When a new memory blocks the retrieval of an old memory
56
Absent-mindedness forgetting
Forgetting caused by lapses in attention (forgetting where you parked, losing keys)
57
Serial position effect
Form of interference related to the sequence in which material is presented
57
Blocking forgetting
forgetting when a memory cannot be retrieved because of interference
58
Primacy
relative ease of remembering the first information in a series
59
Recency
Strong memories of the most recent information in a series
60
Misattribution (distortion)
When a memory is retreived, but associated with the wrong time, place, or person (TV rape example)
61
Suggestibility (distortion)
Process of memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion
62
Bias (distortion)
Influence of personal beliefs, attitudes and experiences on memory
63
Expectancy bias
a memory tendency to distort recalled events to fit one's expectations(ice cream)
64
Self-consistency bias
A commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our attitudes and beliefs, over time, then we actually are
(thinking you have always loved ice cream, but in reality you hated it when you were younger)
65
Persistence (intrusion)
Memory problem where unwanted memories cannot be put out of their mind
66
transience is to ____ as suggestibility is to _____
forgetting, blocking
67
Alzheimers disease
brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and, eventually, the ability to carry out simple tasks
68
Herman Ebbingham
Tested himself on memorization of random syllables, and forgot them over time, but he could relearn them in less time
69
Overlearning
Process of rehearsing a skill even after improvement has stopped
70
Connectionism model
Memories are products of interconnected neural networks. Everytime you learn something, your brains neural connections change, forming and strengthening pathways that allow you to interact with and learn from your constantly changing environment
71
Alan Baddeleys model
1) Auditory rehearsal and Visual-spatial information
2) Central executive focuses our attention
3) Memories are pulled from long term memory to help make sense of new information
72
Karl Lashley
Removed pieces of rats brains, and they still retained partial memory of how to get out of the maze
73
What role does the basal ganglia play in memory
Facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills
74
infantile amnesia
Our conscious memory of our first four years is largely blank
75
Eric Kandel
Observed synaptic changes during learning in the neurons of Cali sea slug
76
Sea slug example
When learning occurs, slug releases more of the neurotransmitter serotonin into certain neurons. These cells synapses then become more efficient at transmitting signals
77
What role does serotonin play in memory
Declarative memories that contain personal experiences, general facts, events
78
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; neural basis for learning and memory
79
What role does glutamate play in memory
LTP-enhancing neurotransmitter
80
Context dependent memory
Affected by the cues we have associated with that context
81
Encoding specificity principle
The idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
82
Encoding failures
Brain areas that jump into action when young adults encode new information are less responsive in older adults
83
Storage decay
Gradual fading of the physical memory trace
84
motivated forgetting
We repress painful or unacceptable memories to protect our self-concept and minimize anxiety
85
Repression
Basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
86
Reconsolidation
Process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
87
Can memories of childhood sexual abuse be repressed and then recovered
Recovery is unlikely, it would probably be a false memory
88
Why are children eyewitness descriptions unreliable
Frontal lobe has not fully matured
