MESH

Question 1

Define motivation

Answer 1

A need or desire that causes a behavior toward a goal

Question 2

What is a primary need

Answer 2

Innate and unlearned behavior (hunger,thirst, need for warmth)

Question 3

What is a secondary need

Answer 3

Physiological needs such as social approval, belonging, love

Question 4

Define drive

Answer 4

State of arousal caused by biological or physiological needs motivates us to engage in drive reducing behaviors

Question 5

Define drive reduction theory and its relation to homeostasis

Answer 5

We are motivated to engage in behaviors that reduce drive.. in order to return our body to homeostasis

Question 6

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Answer 6

Any behavior that leads to a desirable outcome will be repeated

Question 7

Relate the law of effect to drive reduction theory

Answer 7

If homeostasis is achieved by a behavior, that behavior will likely be repeated

Question 8

Define incentive theory

Answer 8

We are motivated by promise of a reward or punishment

Question 9

Connect the law of effect to incentive theory

Answer 9

The neurotransmitter dopamine is released in a neural reward circuit when we feel pleasure. We are then motivated to engage in the behavior that brought us pleasure.

Question 10

Define intrinsic motivation

Answer 10

Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective

Question 11

Define extrinsic motivation

Answer 11

desire to perform a behavior because of promised reward or threats of punishment

Question 12

Define over justification effect

Answer 12

Expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a task.

Question 13

Define arousal theory

Answer 13

Motivation is caused by specific levels of arousal. Each person seeks to obtain and maintain an optimum level of arousal

Question 14

Define Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 14

The relationship between arousal and performance. Too much or too little arousal will negatively impact performance. (inverted U)

Question 15

How do instincts explain motivation

Answer 15

Behaviors are caused by biological needs to survive

Question 16

What theory has replaced instinct theory

Answer 16

Evolutionary theory

Question 17

What is instinct theory

Answer 17

We are motivated by survival needs

Question 18

Define an incentive

Answer 18

Positive or negative stimuli that motivates behavior

Question 19

Define Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

Answer 19

Pyramid in which the lowest level must be met to some degree before moving on to the next, we spend our lives climbing the pyramid

Question 20

List the 6 of Maslow’s Hierarchy tiers

Answer 20

Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization, self-transendence

Question 21

Describe Washburns study

Answer 21

He swallowed a balloon to discover his stomach was contracting whenever he felt hunger

Question 22

Relationship between insulin and blood glucose

Answer 22

As one goes up, the other goes down

Question 23

If your glucose level is low, you feel _____

Answer 23

hungry

Question 24

Stimulating the lateral hypothalamus will cause an animal to ___

Answer 24

feel hunger and eat

Question 25

Stimulating the ventromedial hypothalamus will make an animal ...

Answer 25

Not feel hunger

Question 26

Hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach, monitored by thr hypothalamus

Answer 26

Ghrelin

Question 27

What is a set point

Answer 27

Point at which an individuals weight thermostat is naturally set

Question 28

What do starchy foods do for the body

Answer 28

Boost levels of serotonin

Question 29

Define mere exposure effect

Answer 29

Increased exposure decreases aversion

Question 30

How does unit bias impact quantity of food consumed

Answer 30

The standard serving is considered the correct amount, causing them to eat larger portions

Question 31

How has storing fat contributed to obesity

Answer 31

Helped humans during times of food scarcity, but now the world has an abundance of food

Question 32

How does metabolism affect obesity

Answer 32

Metabolism influences how efficiently the body uses energy

Question 33

How do genes contribute to obesity

Answer 33

Determine susceptibility to obesity

Question 34

How does environment factors contribute to obesity

Answer 34

Diet and physical activity

Question 35

Testosterone

Answer 35

Male hormone triggers growth of male sex organs in the fetus and their development during puberty

Question 36

Estrogen

Answer 36

Secreted in large amounts by females contributes to development of female sex characteristics. Peaks during ovulation

Question 37

Four stages of Master and Johnsons sexual response cycle

Answer 37

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Question 38

Define refractory period

Answer 38

Resting period after an orgasm in which another orgasm cannot be acheived dfor a period of time

Question 39

Define ostracism

Answer 39

Intentional social exclusion

Question 40

How does social exclusion affect the brain

Answer 40

Increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, social exclusion is Psychologically painful

Question 41

Define achievement motivation

Answer 41

Behavior driven by a desire for accomplishment

Question 42

Define grit

Answer 42

Perseverance and passion towards long-term goals

Question 43

Lateral hypothalamus in relation to eating

Answer 43

When stimulated, promotes eating behaviors through the release of orexin

Question 44

Approach/Approach + level of conflict

Answer 44

Choosing between two desirable outcomes. low conflict

Question 45

Avoidance/Avoidance + level of conflict

Answer 45

Choosing between two undesirable outcomes. High conflict

Question 46

Approach/Avoidance + level of conflict

Answer 46

Conflict occurs when one event has desirable and undesirable outcomes. High conflict

Question 47

Double approach/avoidance

Answer 47

Choosing between two options that have both desirable and desirable outcomes (pro/con list)

Question 48

James Lange theory

Answer 48

Stimulus.. physiological response... emotion

Question 49

Schachter-Singer/Two factor theory

Answer 49

Physiological arousal... cognitive appraisal... emotion

Question 50

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 50

Emotion and physiological response occur at the same time, yet independently

Question 51

Lazarus Theory

Answer 51

Cognitive appraisal... physiological arousal and emotion at the same time yet independently

Question 52

High road emotions

Answer 52

slow moving- complex emotions, love

Question 53

Low road emotions

Answer 53

quick moving- fear, surprise, anger

Question 54

Duchenne smile

Answer 54

Natural smile, raised cheeks and activates muscles under eyes

Question 55

Who suggested that a sneer retains elements of baring ones teeth to threaten predators

Answer 55

Charles Darwin

Question 56

Define stress and how homeostasis plays a role

Answer 56

human system responds to changes in its balanced state

Question 57

Define stressor

Answer 57

Anything perceived as challenging, threatening, or demanding

Question 58

Define adaptation

Answer 58

Change in response to a stressor

Question 59

Difference between eustress and distress

Answer 59

Eustress is beneficial, distress is detrimental

Question 60

Stages of general adaptation syndrome and their meanings

Answer 60

Alarm reaction: stressor upsets homeostasis Resistance: Body fights back by adjusting to the stressor Exhaustion: Body no longer able to resist the stressor

Question 61

Hormones involved in a stress response

Answer 61

Adrenaline, cortisol, glucose