memory

Question 1

define memory

Answer 1

we learn something which is later revealed that the learning stuck

Question 2

measures of memory and their definitions (3)

Answer 2

recall - independently generale information
recognition - recognize information, appears familiar
relearning - how much of the previous stuff can be actively recalled

Question 3

Ebbinghaus (3)

Answer 3

retention curve
one sample size
memorized random string of numbers; easier on the second day even though he could not remember the numbers

Question 4

describe the information-processing model (2)

Answer 4

compares human memory to computer operations
encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 4

define savings in relearning

Answer 4

how fast you are able to retrieve information due to it being ‘saved’ in your brain

Question 5

describe connectionism information-processing model (2)

Answer 5

focus on multitask, parallel processing
views memories as products of interconnected neural networks

Question 6

describe encoding of memory

Answer 6

sending information as a code

Question 7

describe storage of memory

Answer 7

a change in structure and function of neurons

Question 8

describe retrieval of memory

Answer 8

pull from long-term memory and put into working memory

Question 9

define working memory and give example of a working memory test

Answer 9

memory stored for a short period of time, unless rehearsed
N-back test

Question 10

describe the dual-track memory system (2)

Answer 10

explicit/declarative memory: conscious facts and experiences
implicit/nondeclarative memory: forms through automatic processing, bypass conscious encoding track

Question 11

two types of amnesia

Answer 11

retrograde amnesia - lost previous events
anterograde amnesia - dont know what has occured, cannot form new memories

Question 12

describe H.M. (5)

Answer 12

• bilateral medial temporal lobectomy
• profound anterograde amnesia - cannot form long term -> no consolidation
• some retrograde amnesia
• has working memory -> passed digital span task
• hippocampus is responsible for consolidation of memory

Question 13

what kind of long-term memory tests could H.M. pass? (3)

Answer 13

• mirror-drawing test - dependent on muscle memory
• pavlovian conditioning - associative/classical conditioning: eye-blink reflex
• priming

Question 14

what type of memory is processed in the hippocampus and the frontal lobes?

Answer 14

explicit

Question 15

what types of memories are processed in the cerebellum and basal ganglia?

Answer 15

implicit memories

Question 16

t/f: memory consolidation can make memory more fragile and manipulatable

Answer 16

true

Question 17

what is sensory memory (2)

Answer 17

first stage in forming explicit memories
very brief recording of sensory information

Question 18

define iconic memory

Answer 18

picture-image memory

Question 19

define echoic memory

Answer 19

sound memory

Question 20

describe short term memory (working memory) (3)

Answer 20

• can hold items briefly
• ‘magic number’ = 7 +/- 2 -> capacity varies
• decays without rehearsal

Question 21

what is working memory capacity

Answer 21

maximum amount of information one can accurately retrieve from WM

Question 22

t/f: working memory does not predict other aspects of cognition such as reading comprehension, verbal/numerical abilities, and general fluid intelligence

Answer 22

false

Question 23

strategies to improve memory formation (6)

Answer 23

chunking
mnemonics
hierarchies
spaced study and self-assessment
- massed practice - cramming
- distributive practice - study every day
testing effect
making material personally meaningful

Question 24

levels of processing for verbal information (2)

Answer 24

shallow processing - need to learn what the thing is deep processing - know the applications of the thing you studied

Question 25

SQ3R

Answer 25

survey question read recite review

Question 26

past research view of how the brain retains memory

Answer 26

the brain is a hard drive

Question 27

newer findings about how the brain retains information (3)

Answer 27

- info is not stored in only one place - perception, language, emotion, etc, require brain networks for storage - recall is reconstruction and remembered memories are fragile

Question 28

types of retrieval cues (4)

Answer 28

priming context-dependent memory - in same place we learned it -> encoding specific principle state-dependent memory - state that you were in when you learned it -> mood-congruent memory - same mood = better memory serial position effect -> primacy effect - remember first material best -> recency effect - remember most recent material best

Question 28

how does emotion effect memory (2) and what type of memory does it generate?

Answer 28

- triggers hormone production and neuromodulatory (norepinephrine) release - has effect on amygdala and cortex -> enhance memory results in flashbulb memory

Question 29

why do we forget and at which stage does this occur at?

Answer 29

we forget when we process information, filter, alter or lose much of it this happens in all stages of memory formation

Question 30

explain the two-track mind

Answer 30

humans have two distinct memory systems controlled by different parts of the brain

Question 31

causes of forgetting (5)

Answer 31

- encoding failure - storage decay - retrieval failure - interference -> similar memory (proactive and retroactive) - motivated forgetting -> repressed memory

Question 32

misinformation, imagination, and reconsolidating effects

Answer 32

misinformation effect - misremember based on how the question was asked -> eyewitness memory imagination effect - being asked to recall something over and over again reconsolidation effect - memory manipulated as you recall it

Question 33

how is working/short-term memory stored? (3) and what is responsible for moving these memories into long-term?

Answer 33

phonological loop visuospatial sketchpad episodic buffer central executive

Question 34

what is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon also known as?

Answer 34

blocking

Question 35

what is acrostic?

Answer 35

taking first letter of each word/sentence to make word

Question 36

what did Yogo and Fujuhara (2008) suggest about improving short-term memory?

Answer 36

you should spend more time writing about traumatic life experiences