thinking and language

Question 1

define cognition

Answer 1

thinking, it encompasses the process associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgement, language and memory

Question 2

define concepts

Answer 2

categories or groupings of linguistic formation, images, ideas, or memories -> life experiences

Question 3

define schema

Answer 3

mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

Question 4

define prototype

Answer 4

technique used by our brain to identify the concepts we have developed

Question 5

why are heuristics normally criticized?

Answer 5

being prone to biases

Question 6

types of heuristics (10)

Answer 6

affect
anchoring
authority
availability
effort
familiarity
fluency
representativeness
scarcity
trial and error

Question 7

t/f: insight and problem solving strategies are the same thing

Answer 7

false

Question 8

what is mental set?

Answer 8

only thinking inside the box (9 dot question) - we forget what other things an object can do

Question 9

which brain area is activated when we think of these insight activities

Answer 9

frontal lobe

Question 10

obstacles of problem solving (4)

Answer 10

• fixation - fixed thinking
• belief perseverance - we continue to believe in something even though we are presented with something that contradicts our beliefs
• framing - the way information is presented to us
• sunk-cost fallacy - the amount of effort we put into something

confirmation bias
dunning-kruger effect
illusory correlation
correlation does not equal causation
hindsight

Question 10

which brain area is responsible for solving word problems?

Answer 10

right temporal lobe

Question 11

intuition regarding problem solving (4)

Answer 11

fast and effortless knowledge
‘frozen into habit’
adaptive
critical/necessary

Question 12

define bounded rationality

Answer 12

a theory that addresses our capacities, time limitations, and scarcity of information

Question 13

define expected utility

Answer 13

utility that an entity or aggregate economy is expected to reach under any number of circumstances

Question 14

define object value

Answer 14

the money value of something

Question 15

how does subjective value decline? (3)

Answer 15

increasing:
- delay
- risk
- effort

Question 16

define subject value

Answer 16

the emotional value a person has on an item

Question 17

what does discount rate determine?

Answer 17

decision making style - impulsitivity

Question 18

who came up w prospect theory

Answer 18

taversky ad Kahneman

Question 19

describe risk aversion (1)

Answer 19

risk-avoiding to keep gains

Question 19

describe loss aversion (2)

Answer 19

risk-seeking to avoid losses
we will chose riskier choices if we already lost something

Question 20

describe the prospect theory

Answer 20

we dont treat gains and losses equally

Question 21

what is the certainty effect

Answer 21

things that are certain are thought of as having a higher value

Question 22

what is maximizing

Answer 22

consider and compare all the options

Question 23

what is satisficing

Answer 23

selecting first option that meets criteria

Question 24

who came up w the idea of maximizing and satisficing

Answer 24

barry schwartz

Question 25

what is divergent thinking

Answer 25

expanding the possibilities, moving from a problem to a variety of novel solutions

Question 26

what is convergent thinking

Answer 26

taking a bunch of options and narrowing it down to a solution

Question 27

thorndike's law of effect

Answer 27

behaviourism

Question 27

sternber et al's five ingredients

Answer 27

expertise - knows how to break the rules imaginative thinking skills - being able to see patterns/what other people cannot see venturesome personality - tolerant to failing intrinsic motivation - doing what you like creative environment - being around other like-minded people

Question 27

wolfgang kohler

Answer 27

display insight

Question 28

building blocks of spoken language

Answer 28

phonemes - sound units morphemes - smallest blocks of meaningful information (not words) grammar -> syntax -> semantic - meaning to our words

Question 29

which develops first: receptive or productive language? and at what age for both?

Answer 29

receptive - 4-6 months productive - 10 months

Question 30

what did chomsky say about language?

Answer 30

there is universal grammar since humans are predisposed to grammar - uniquely human thing

Question 31

what is statistical learning?

Answer 31

hearing sounds over and over again until we develop a sense of where words start/end and correct/incorrect grammar

Question 32

what is the sensitive period of language learning?

Answer 32

first 10 years

Question 33

name the brain areas involved in language (5)

Answer 33

motor cortex arcuate fasciculus borcas area wernickes area primary auditory cortex

Question 34

what did binder et al (1997) find?

Answer 34

speech zones are widespread throughout the brain

Question 35

language problems (umbrella terms - 3)

Answer 35

aphasia - language problem alexia - reading problem agraphia - writing problem

Question 36

types of aphasia (3)

Answer 36

fluent - receptive - wernickes non-fluent - expressive - brocas - global -> have problems w wernickes and brocas

Question 37

t/f: other species share our language cognitive skills including language

Answer 37

fale: they share comprehension and communication, but not language

Question 38

describe whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis

Answer 38

language is not just a way to express our thoughts, it shapes out thoughts

Question 39

t/f: the more language you learn does not mean you will have an 'expanded ability' to think

Answer 39

false

Question 40

define rationality

Answer 40

solve a problem with reason

Question 41

define logic (2)

Answer 41

way of making sense of information subcategory of rationality

Question 42

what is the conjunction fallacy?

Answer 42

we tend to think the possibility of one fact happening is higher than the same fact+another fact example: option 1: person A is 6 feet tall option 2: person A is 6 feet tall AND a basketball player we would think that option A will be more likely to happen

Question 43

what does the conjunction fallacy reveal about human reasoning? (2)

Answer 43

demonstrates that we are bad at reasoning we think every clue give is meaningful

Question 44

newell and simon (1972) description of problem solving

Answer 44

- initial state - starting point - goal state - ending point - sets of operators - rules/ways to get to goal - path constrictions - other requirements to satisfy

Question 45

define algorithm

Answer 45

step-by-step set of instructions that leads to you result

Question 46

how can algorithms break down? (4)

Answer 46

problem space too big - time-consuming - labor-intensive - too expensive

Question 47

t/f: humans are good at working with incomplete information

Answer 47

true

Question 48

define combinatorial explosion

Answer 48

use something that is very simple to compare to ones existential crisis

Question 49

what is an obstacle of algorithm

Answer 49

combinatorial explosion

Question 50

how do we measure total pathways for combinatorial explosions?

Answer 50

F^D F=options at a given moment D=choices on the way to the goal

Question 51

what is an event schema also known as

Answer 51

cognitive script

Question 52

what provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences?

Answer 52

syntax

Question 53

problem solving biases (4)

Answer 53

- anchoring bias - focus on one piece of information when solving problem - confirmation bias - hindsight bias - belief that the event you just experienced was predictable - representative bias - unintentionally stereotype someone or something

Question 54

who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? and what is it composed of?

Answer 54

robert sternberg - practical - creative - analytical intellegence

Question 55

who developed the multiple intelligence theory and what do they propose in it?

Answer 55

Howard Gardner proposed that everyone has at least 8 intelligences linguistic logical-mathematical musical bodily kinesthetic spatial interpersonal intrapersonal naturalistic

Question 56

who developed the IQ test?

Answer 56

David Wechsler

Question 57

what is the new term in the DSM for mental retardation?

Answer 57

intellectual disability

Question 58

what did author jensen believe?

Answer 58

genetics was solely responsible for intelligence