sleep Flashcards
(66 cards)
1
Q
what is sleep
A
periodic loss of consciousness
2
Q
t/f: When people dream of performing some activity, their limbs often move in concert with the dream
A
f
3
Q
t/f: Older adults sleep more than young adults
A
f
4
Q
t/f: Sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams
A
f
5
Q
t/f: Sleep experts recommend treating insomnia with an occasional sleeping pill
A
f
6
Q
t/f: Some people dream every night; others seldom dream
A
f
7
Q
facts of sleep (4)
A
- We spend approximately one third of our lives sleeping
- Reasons for sleep are not fully known
- Sleep is a state of altered consciousness
- Two kinds of sleep/two kinds of altered consciousness
8
Q
stage 2 sleep involves (on EEG)
A
sleep spindles
9
Q
stage 4 sleep EEG waves
A
delta activity
10
Q
delta waves (2) frequency and amplitude
A
- low frequency -> neurons firing less
- high amplitude -> neurons fire at same time
11
Q
states of sleep (6)
A
- awake
- stage 1
- stage 2
- stage 3
- stage 4
- REM
12
Q
EEG activity (3) and characteristics (2) - awake
A
- irregular pattern
- beta activity (15-30 Hz) for alert
- alpha activity (8-12 Hz) for relaxed
- feel drowsy
- shift alert to relaxed wakefulness
13
Q
EEG, EMG, EOG activity (4) and characteristics (2) - Stage 1
A
- theta activity (3.5-7.5 Hz)
- transition of wakefulness to sleep
- EMG shows muscles still active
- EOG shows gentle eye movement
- eyes slowly open and close
- person falls asleep
14
Q
EEG activity (1) and characteristics (1) - Stage 2
A
- spindles in EEG
- sleep deeper
15
Q
EEG activity (2) and characteristics (2) - Stage 3
A
- delta activity appears (< 3.5 Hz)
- slow wave sleep
- sleep even deeper
- less responsive to stimuli
16
Q
characteristics of slow wave sleep (5)
A
- slow EEG waves
- lack of muscular paralysis
- slow or absent eye movements
- lack of genital activity
- banal dreams
16
Q
EEG activity (2) and characteristics (2) - Stage 4
A
- continuous delta wave
- slow wave sleep
- very deep sleep
- reach within 1 hour
17
Q
EEG activity (4) and characteristics (3) - REM
A
- EEG shifts stages 3,2,1
- EOG shows rapid eye movement
- EMG shows muscle relaxed (hands and feet occasionally twitch)
- rapid EEG
- heartbeat irregular
- Breathing shallow
- dreaming
18
Q
characteristics of REM sleep (5)
A
- rapid EEG waves
- muscular paralysis
- rapid eye movements
- penile erection or vaginal secretion
- vivid dreams
19
Q
amount of slow wave sleep we get throughout the night
A
less and less slow wave
more and more REM
20
Q
what does a higher time spent in REM in babies suggests?
A
REM is important for brain development, and that is why we have a decrease in REM as we age
21
Q
what is hyperplasia
A
more likely to eat more food the next day
22
Q
what kind of studies have been used to examine the function of sleep? (2)
A
sleep deprivation and sleep restriction
23
Q
what is total sleep deprivation
A
removed the ability to sleep for a long periods of time
24
what does sleep deprivation do to the brain (6)
- lower sociability and optimism
- impaired performance on tasks requiring high level cortical functioning
- poor vigilance, executive functions
- poor recall or verbal material
- reduced activation in parietal lobe, thalamus, prefrontal cortex
- catch up on sleep - activation in frontal-parietal area
25
what part of the brain contains the neural circuits for REM sleep? and what do they release?
pons - acetylcholine
26
what does the release of acetylecholine in the pons activate? (3) and what do they do?
other circuits - switching from slow-wave to REM:
- cerebral cortex (dreaming)
- area of the midbrain (REM)
- inhibitory neurons to paralyze
27
which area seems to play a role in slow-wave sleep?
preoptic area of the hypothalamus
28
two biological rythms
24-hour biological clock
90 min sleeping cycle for younger adults
29
what external factor governs our circadian rhythm
light
30
infradian rhythms
faster cycles
31
two circadian rhythms
internal 24 hr cycle of day and night
body temp
32
body temp rhythm
rise in morning
peaks during the day
dips in early afternoon
drop in evening
33
what is the circadian rhythm altered by?
age and experience
34
what part of the brain is responsible for the circadian rhythm
suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
35
t/f: circadian rhythm regulates changes in energy level, mood, & efficiency through the day
t
36
what does it mean when animals are 'free-running'
we lose our master clock - sleeping activity becomes very messy
37
what affects our sleep patterns? (3)
- bright morning light
- decrease production of melatonin
- social jet lag
38
reasons why we sleep (7)
- protective role - keep safe
- conserves energy - less opportunity to find food at night = conserving energy if sleep
- restore and repair - damaged neurons
- modify neural connections - REM and NREM - slow wave sleep is more important
- promotes creative problem solving - solutions come when sleeping
- growth hormone - muscle development
- glymphatic system - links delta waves
39
when does glymphatic system happen? how does it work
slow wave sleep
our astrocytes shrink which provides passageways for fluids to travel. Delta waves drive this process of growing and shrinking blood vessels
40
if we accumulate a sleep debt, what wave would we be in more?
delta
41
in terms of mortality rate and cognitive function, how many hours of sleep is the best?
7 hours
42
effects of sleep restriction (3)
cause fatigue and irritability
impairs concentration, memory consolidation
increase likelihood of depression, supressed immune system, greater vulnerability to accidence
43
trend of accidence and sleep
less sleep = more accidents
44
insomnia (3)
ability to start or maintain sleep over at least 3 nights
can be due to stress, anxiety
genetic predisposition
45
sleep apnea (3)
one cause of insomnia
cannot sleep and breathe at the same time
long term detrimental effects on brain
46
narcolepsy (3)
difficulty maintaining wakefullness
take psychostimulants
cataplexy
47
cataplexy (3)
paralysis but conscious
enter REM as soon as they fall asleep
neurons in hypothalamus switch between consciousness
48
sleep-walking (2)
in stage 4
heritable
49
sleep-talking (1)
can be in REM, normally in other stages
50
REM behavior disorder (2)
brain no longer paralysis body - older adults acting out dreams
predictor of parkinsons and lewy-body dementia
50
night terrors (2)
stage 4
no treatment
51
Enuresis (2)
stage 4
bed wetting
52
describe daydreams
familiar details of our life
53
describe REM dreams
vivid, emotional, bizarre
54
occurrence of dreams w negative emotion
8/10
55
occurrence of dreams w sexual imagery
1/10 men
1/30 women
56
dream theory: activation-synthesis
REM trigger neural activity that evoked memories
57
dream theory: freud's wish fulfillment
dreams provide safety to express feelings
contains manifest content and latent content (hidden meaning)
58
dream theory: information-processing
help us sort out the days events and consolidate memories
59
what are the 5 dream theories
freud's wish-fulfillment
information-processing
physiological functions
activation-synthesis
cognitive development
60
dream theory: physiological functions
regular brain stimulation from REM help develop and preserve neural pathways
60
dream theory: cognitive development
dream content relfects level of cognitive development
61
which hormone plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function? where is it secreted from?
pineal gland secretes melatonin
62
symptoms of _______ may be improved by REM deprivation
depression
63
narcolepsy can be treated with what kind of medication?
amphetamine-like medication
