Memory Flashcards

Question

What are the features of the WMM?

Answer 1

-central executive -phonological loop -episodic buffer -visuo spatial sketchpad -long term memory

Answer 2

“Head of the model” Control attention Receives sense information and filters this before passing onto sub systems Limited in capacity

Answer 3

Processes visual and spatially coded info thought of as the innner eye Visual cache-a passive store of form and colour Inner scribe-active store holding the relationship between objects in 3D space

Answer 4

Processes auditory coded info Primary acoustic/phological store-the inner ear holding words recently heard Articulatory process-the inner voice holds info via sub vocal repetition The PL has a limited capacity of what can be said in 2 seconds

Answer 5

Added to the WMM in 2000 as the model needed a general store to hold and intergrate info form the VSS, PL,CE and LTM

Answer 6

Ppts were asked to perform 2 visual tasks tracking moving lights at the same time as describing the angles of the letter F. Or a visual and verbal task It was found that performance was much better when the tasks were not using the same processing this suggests that the VSS and PPL exists as separate systems and the capacity of the VSS can be overwhelmed with visual info

Answer 7

It was found KF has a selective impairment to his verbal STM caused by a brain injury however the visual functioning of his STM is not affected this suggests the PL and VSS subsystems are separate processes located in seperate regions of the brain

Answer 8

Using FMRI scans researchers asked ppts to complete tasks with equal amounts of spatial and verbal info but in one condition the spatial and verbal info was separate in the other condition the info was intergrated It was found there is more activation in the prefrontal cortex when info is intergrated however posterior brain regions when info was not intergrated this suggest the EB exsists and is in the prefrontal cortex a brain region specialised in the combo of temporary storage of visual and verbal info.

Answer 9

Ppts were visually shown word lists and then asked to write them down in the same order one condition had monosyllabic words the second condition had polysyllabic words It was found the ppts could recall more monosyllabic words than polysyllabic words This suggests the capacity PL is not the number of distinct items but the time it takes to say the world this is known as the word length effect

Answer 10

Has been criticised as being vague concept without a full explanation of its function and not fully open to testing

Answer 11

The MSM sees STM as a passive store of info while the WMM seems more accurate in describing how memory is used as an active processor

Answer 12

High internal validity as standardised procedures are used

Answer 13

Lack mundane realism as the tasks performed in the lab might not reflect the tasks in real life

Answer 14

Make inferences which means it cant be always accurate

Answer 15

Suggests we forget because our long term memories become confused by other info while it is coded

Answer 16

Old info distrupts new inference works forward in time when old info already stores interferes with recalling something new

Answer 17

New info disrupts old interference works backward in time new info being stored interferes with recall of old info

Answer 18

Inteference is more likely to occur when the two pieces of info are similar this is due to response competition

Answer 19

Interference is less likely to occur when there is a large gap bertween the instances of leanring

Answer 20

Investigates retroacitve interference using the memeory of childhood street names 11-79 year olds were sent a questionnnaire containing a map of the area around their old school without street names It was found the more times an individual moved home the fewer street names recalled a negative correlation between numbers of times moved home and street names recalled This suggests retro active interference the process of remembering new streets makes interferes with the previously stored LTM of old street making recall of older names harder

Answer 21

Asked ppts to learn 10 paired word lists then gave the ppts 48h before recall this was repeated 4 times it was found the number of correctly recalled word pairs decreased the more word pairs had been learnt previously This provided evidence for pro active interference as the previously learnt word combinations caused confusion in the coding of the later word lists interfering with the accurate recall of later learnt word lists

Answer 22

Info in LTM but forgetting happens due to absence of appropriate cues encoded at the same time (encoding specific principle )

Answer 23

Aspects of the external environment work as cues to memory so being in different place would inhibit memory as we would lack environmental cues

Answer 24

Studied divers asking them to learn new material either on dry land or while underwater then tested either on dry land or water it was found recall was worse if in different context and best if same for example info learnt underwater was recalled best underwater This suggests being in the same environment for both learning and recall aids recall by providing context cues

Answer 25

Aspects of out internal environment work as cues to memeory so being in a different emotional state would inhibit memeory as we would lack state dependant cues

Answer 26

Asked ppts to learn material either drunk or sober then tested them on this info when they were drunk or sober It was found recall was worse if in different internal state and best if internal state e.g. info was learn drunk it would be best recalled drunk this suggests being in the same state for both learning and recall aids recall by providing state dependant cues

Answer 27

Providing cues that relate to the category of memories may aid recall as its easier to find a file if the draws are labelled the most effective cues have fewer things associated with them the lack of category cues may inhibit memory

Answer 28

Asked ppts to learn 48 words the ppts either used free recall or recall to match 12 4 word categories It was found ppts recalled significantly more in the category condition This suggests the categories acted as cues and aiding recall

Answer 29

Psychological research into how forgetting works has real practical applications students can develop effective revision strategies and theories like context cues improving recall have been used in the development of an effective police technique called the cognitive interview

Answer 30

As interference and cue theory may only explain a temporary loss of info they may not be a true explanation for forgetting this would be the permanent loss of info from long term memory it could be interference involves over writing of other info or just makes it inaccessible

Answer 31

Interference only explains forgetting when 2 sets of info are similar and often when learnt close together in time this means the theory struggles to explain many day to day examples of forgetting such as forgetting someone’s bday

Answer 32

Much of the evidence on interference as a factor in forgetting comes from artificial lab experiments using artificial tasks which is why external vanity might be low as they might not occur in tge same real life settings

Answer 33

Packages of info about people and objects in the world around us We use schema as mental shortcuts because when we recall a memory it is influenced by schemas memories change to fit with the individuals pre existing bias

Answer 34

Memory isn’t an accurate recording of events it is a reconstructed in recalling and may produce errors

Answer 35

Questions that imply a particular answer can influence how a memory is recalled this could be due to an actual change to the memory or not to a change in memory but due to an emotional pressure to give a particular response

Answer 36

When the recalling of events by one witness alters the accuracy of the recall by another witness this could be memory conformity the witness goes along with other accounts for social approval

Answer 37

Ppts were shown a car accident clip without broken glass after viewing they were asked the following critical questions how fast were the cars going when they — into each other. The missing verb was changed to (smashed,collided,bumped,hit or contacted) it was found the more extreme the verb the faster the estimation of MPH contacted=31.8 and smashed=40.8 this suggests misleading info in the form of leading questions can influence the recall of eyewitness testimony

Answer 38

Videos of crime shot from different perspectives were shown to pairs of ppts with unique info available in each film it was found 71% of pairs allowed to discuss what they had seen included aspects of the film they hadn’t seen in their recollection of the video this compared to 0% in pairs who weren’t allowed to discuss what they had seen This suggests that witness will change their account of crimes to match other witness testimony this may be an attempt to seek social approval resulting in memory conformity

Answer 39

IRL EWT is often used after violent crimes causing high anxiety research in EWT often has no emotional impact on the ppts resulting in low validity

Answer 40

Weapons are a cause of anxiety witnesses are distracted focusing attention of the weapon rather than the criminal

Answer 41

A state of arousal improves alertness and awareness of the situation and surroundings also the strong emotions felt could improve memory encoding

Answer 42

EWT accuracy increases as anxiety raises as the witness becomes alert however at a point anxiety becomes too high and more stress results in lower accuracy

Answer 43

Naive ppts were placed outside a lab listening to conversations 1)normal convo about equipment failure, man walks out with greasy hands and a pen 2)hostile breaking glass furniture knocked over man walks out with knife covered in blood Then asked to identify the man from 50 photographs coming out of a lab it was found more ppts identified a man with a pen (49%) than knife (33%) this suggests anxiety is caused by knife resulting in decreased focus on the man’s face and more on the weapon

Answer 44

Patients at a real healthcare centre were given a real injection by a nurse with a researcher also present in the room It was found that the patients were better able to recognise the researcher then the nurse this suggests anxiety is caused by having an injection and there is weapon focus on the syringe

Answer 45

Interviewed 13 witnesses to a deadly shooting four months after the event it was found the witnesses resisted misleading info and those with the most stress closest to the shooter produced the most accurate EWT this suggest misleading info and anxiety may not be a significant problem for real world eye witness testimony

Answer 46

Development of cognitive interview this technique is designed to reduce the influence of schemas on the accuracy of recall

Answer 47

Experimental designs such as loftus using films of staged crashes and crimes are conducted in a lab setting rather than in a court room this means that lots are aware there is a lack of consequences for providing inaccurate EWT it could be that in the real world under oath people provide more accurate eEWT when what they say could lead to a conviction

Answer 48

Lab based studies can suffer from demand characteristics with ppts often wanting to help the researcher by giving responses they expect in the case of researching leading questions the ppt may just be picking up on the language used and giving an answer they think will help the researcher (response bias explanation )

Answer 49

Researchers have an ethical duty to protect their ppts from harm and to ask for informed consent research on anxiety such as Johnson and Scott breaks both of these guidelines and could be considered unethical even interviewing people about traumatic experiences could cause additional anxiety

Answer 50

Studied the techniques used by the police in Florida when interviewing witnesses the following factors were identified as needing improvement and called the standard interview -witnesses were given a large number of quick direct and closed questions in a short time -the order of questions weren’t asked in a way that matched witness mental respresentation -witnesses weren’t able to talk freely about their experience were frequently interrupted

Answer 51

Range of technique that fisher and geiselman suggested police interviewers use in order to improve the accuracy of EWT

Answer 52

-context reinstatement (mentally returning to the scene of the crime this is based on cue dependant forgetting -report everything(all details even if they seem irrelevant should be mentioned as they trigger memeories) -recall from a changed perspective (mentally recreate how the crime would be recalled from perspective of other witnesses used to minimise bias and distrupt schema) -recall in reverse order(recall is switch to different chronology e.g. from end to beginning)

Answer 53

Used a field study to compare 7 detectives trained in CI with 9 detectives using the standard interview the results showed the CI trained detectives received 47% more info in real interviews after their training and 63% more info than the untrained detectives this suggest the cognitive interview is effective in enhancing memory improving info

Answer 54

Meta analysis of 42 studies including over 2500 interviews found a significant increase in the amount of correct info recalled however there was also a significant increase in the amount of incorrect information recalled resulting in a very similar accuracy rate 85% CI and 82% SI this suggests the CI may be of limited practical use due to increased errors

Answer 55

Investigated the effect on recall of each of the 4 aspects of the CI seperatetly each aspect produced a similar level of recall however the CR+ RE condition produced significantly more correct recall this suggests no one aspect is more important in the CI by the effect of the CI is cumulative

Answer 56

CI can be time consuming requiring more time than officers have available especially when conducting a time sensitive case it also requires significant training

Answer 57

Cost benefit analysis would consider the effect on the overall justice system and economy of the CI The investment ultimately recedes crime and its cost to wider society

Answer 58

Not effective in improving the recognition of suspects in identity parades and from photographs which means it has limited usefulness in a number of common police activities

Answer 59

Has been found to be effective with older children and adults but not effective with very young children as they are egocentric which means they can only see the world from their own perspective

Answer 60

Ppts were asked to learn a list of words to 100% accuracy They were given new lists to learn group1-synonyms Group 2-antonyms Group3- unrelated Group4- consonant syllables Group5- 3 digit numbers Group6- no new list Performance dependened on the second list the more similar the worst recall Interference is strongest when the material is similar

Answer 61

Focus on social dynamics of interactions Reducing EWT Minimise distraction Getting witness to speak slowly Asking open ended questions

Memory Flashcards

(86 cards)