Memory Flashcards

Question

How are the central executive and episodic buffer coded?

Answer 1

Modality free: not limited to sight or sound or any one sense since it needs to manipulate all manner of information

Answer 2

When old information stored in long-term memory interferes with the learning of new information

Answer 3

When a new memory interferes with recall of an older one

Answer 4

McGough and McDonald (1931) found that synonyms made recall of target words harder, but 3 digit number lists interfered with recall much less.

Answer 5

Proactive interference: previously stored information makes it harder to story new information Retrospective interference:

Answer 6

Asking players to recall the teams they played in the last season More games = worse recall

Answer 7

The situation in which we store information needs to match the situation in which we recall, so remembering is assisted by clues that 'take up back' to the time we learnt the information, because it provides hints about where to look in memory. Therefore, if there is a mismatch between the situation in which we store or recall information, we can't remember

Answer 8

Context dependent forgetting: -Context means external clues such as -physical environment or people present at the time. State dependent cues -Inside of us -Include emotions, level of alertness -So if we were relaxed when memory was made, helps if relaxed when recalling it

Answer 9

Someone who gives evidence to the court about what they saw/heard Have to promise to tell the whole truth EWT can be decisive in a trial, because it can be persuasive to juries

Answer 10

45 participants in 5 conditions, watching videos of car accidents, and were asked 'how fast was the car going when it...' -hit -bumped -collided -contacted -smashed '... into the other car?' Estimates: Contacted: 30.8mph Smashed: 40.5mph Shows that the phrasing of questions can alter the eyewitness testimony, can be influenced In followup, asked 'Did you see broken glass in the accident' Participants in 'smashed' condition were more likely to report seeing broken glass than those in hit condition, even though there was no broken glass Concluded that the critical verb changed the memories of participants

Answer 11

Participants watched a video of a crime, but from a different viewpoint to each other 71% of participants reported seeing something that they hadn't, but had learnt through discussion

Answer 12

Jurors must not research the case online, discuss the evidence with family/friends, and the only discussion allowed is with other jurors whilst considering verdicts

Answer 13

Goodwin (1969) researched ‘state dependent forgetting’. Participants had to learn a word list either drunk or sober. Recall of the words was best when they were drunk during both encoding and recall or sober during both encoding and recall.

Answer 14

Scoville and Milner (1957) studied HM who had his hippocampus removed to treat his epilepsy. He was unable to form new LTMs but could form STMs

Answer 15

Abernathy (1940).‘context dependent forgetting’. Students were tested in different conditions: by their regular instructor in their usual teaching room/different one, or by a different instructor in usual teaching room/different one. Results were best when tested in their usual room by their usual instructor.

Answer 16

Tulving and Pearlstone (1966) gave participants a list of 48 words from 12 different categories. Recall was 40% accurate without retrieval cues. Recall was 60% accurate when the category was given as a retrieval cue.

Answer 17

Participants in a waiting room Condition A: a casual conversation in next room. Man walks out holding pen with grease on hands. Condition B: heated conversation in next room, broken glass, man walks past holding a knife with blood on it. Participants then asked to identify man that walked past them from set of 50 photos. Low anxiety was 49% accurate, high anxiety condition was 33%

Answer 18

Investigated recall in 12 witnesses of a REAL robbery in which the thief was shot dead. Participants were interviewed 4 months after the event, and rather their anxiety at the crime scene on a 7 point scale Recall accuracy was measured by comparing their interview statments with details recorded by police from original eyewitness interviews Participants reporting high anxiety had 88% recall accuracy, less anxiety had 75% accuracy.

Answer 19

Participants were visitors to London Dungeon, and were asked to wear heart rate monitors during their tour to measure arousal whilst in there. Recall of the actors in the dungeons was 17% in the high anxiety conditions, but 75% in the low anxiety condition

Answer 20

An interview technique based on psychology research. Aims to help the police get detailed, reliable evidence from eyewitnesses. Gather more reliable, detailed evidence than traditional interviewing methods

Answer 21

-Report everything in detail -Encourage mental re-creation of the scene -Ask questions that force the witness to think through the even in a different order from their original recall -Ask the witness to describe the event from someone else's viewpoint

Answer 22

Effective use of eye contact with the witness Ways to reduce witness anxiety Minimising distractions during the interview Encouraging the witness to speak slowly Asking open ended questions

Answer 23

The repetition of information in an attempt to maintain it longer in memory.

Answer 24

A process that affects memory recall in which specific memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories

Answer 25

Suggests that performance increases with mental arousal (stress) but only up to a point: when an individuals' level of stress is too low or too high, their performance deteriorates

Answer 26

the memory store where information first comes in through the senses. Information only lasts for a brief moment unless attention is directed to that register, which then transfers the information to STM.