Memory

Question 1

Memory definition

Answer 1

Memory is the ability to take in information, store it, and recall it later (this can be through images, sounds or meaning)

Question 2

stages of memory (Encoding- storage- retrieval)

Answer 2

Encoding- processing (acquiring info)

Storage- storing info (maintaining information)

Retrieval- retrieving (recalling) information

Question 3

How is memory different from learning

Answer 3

Memory is the ability to take in information, store it, and recall it later while learning is the acquisition of skills or knowledge

Question 4

Recall

Answer 4

retrieving information from memory with few, if any cues.
Example: completing a test.

Question 5

Recognition

Answer 5

correctly identifying or selecting previously learned information from a set of alternatives
Example: completing a multiple-choice question.

recognition tends to be easier than recall

Question 6

2 sensory registers

Answer 6

iconic and echoic

Question 7

sensory memory registers- iconic memory

Answer 7

brief memory of something just seen

Question 8

sensory memory registers- echoic memory

Answer 8

brief memory of something just heard

Question 9

visual persistence

Answer 9

where a visual stimulus disappears we retain the info for a brief period, this is due to a visual persistence where a stimulus may no longer be physically present but the image of the stimulus is still present

Question 10

mnemonic devices definition and examples

Answer 10

specific techniques for improving LTM.

narrative chaining, acronym, acrostic, rhyme

these help us associate the information we want to remember with a visual image, a sentence, or a word.

Question 11

3 types of encoding-

structural

Answer 11

visual

focusing on how words look, pattern recognition

Question 12

3 types of encoding-

phonenic

Answer 12

sound

focus on the way the words sound, repeating a word

Question 13

3 types of encoding-

semantic

Answer 13

associating meaning

Question 14

deepest level of processing

Answer 14

semantic processing, involving processing the meaning of words is the deepest level of processing

Question 15

phonetic processing (second deepest)

Answer 15

phonetic, which involves encoding sound information is deeper than structural but more shallow than semantic

Question 16

structural processing (most shallow form of processing)

Answer 16

structural, which involves encoding visual qualities for example of words or a colour, is the most shallow form of processing

Question 17

explicit

Answer 17

conscious

Question 18

implicit

Answer 18

unconcious

Question 19

1. sensory memory

Answer 19

• most immediate form of memory
• information is processed through our 5 senses (touch, taste, smell, sound, sight)
• unattended information is quickly lost (attention is needed to transfer to STM)

Question 20

How to transfer sensory memory into STM

Answer 20

ATTENTION

Question 21

2. working memory (STM- short term memory)

Answer 21

• can hold up to 7 plus or minus 2 pieces of information
• conscious memory of the present moment that lasts for 20-30 seconds
• chunking is a way for information to be easily retained by dividing chunks of info into smaller units for example- learning a phone number

Question 22

How to turn STM to LTM

Answer 22

rehearsal:

elaborative rehearsal = thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered

maintenance rehearsal = repeating information over and over to keep it

Question 23

3. Long term memory (LTM)

Answer 23

most permanent form of memory

Question 24

ACC

Answer 24

anterior cingulate cortex

responsible for fundamental cognitive processes

Question 25

LTM: types of knowledge: declarative/explicit semantic episodic non declarative/explicit procedural

Answer 25

declarative/explicit: have to consciously work to remember it. can explain it semantic: general knowledge + facts eg. what is the capital city of greece? episodic: specific personal events and their context eg. how did you get home from school yesterday? non declarative/explicit: automatic, do not have to constantly think about it procedural: how to do things, motor skills (eg. how to dress yourself in the morning)

Question 26

is procedural memory explicit or implicit

Answer 26

Procedural memory is considered a type of implicit memory. Implicit memories are those that form without effort (you can complete the task without consciously thinking about it) skills are retrieved automatically

Question 27

is episodic memory explicit or implicit

Answer 27

episodic memory, which allows you to remember a specific even in context, is explicit which means your brain has to consciously work to remember the specific event

Question 28

is semantic memory explicit or implicit

Answer 28

semantic memory, which allows you to remember general knowledge and facts, is explicit which means your brain has to consciously work to remember the information so you can recall it.

Question 29

What is the primacy effect

Answer 29

An individual is more likely to recall the information presented first in a sequence of information or at the top of a list. Info is usually stored in long term memory

Question 30

What is the recency effect

Answer 30

An individual is most likely to recall the information most recently presented to them, information thats shared at the bottom of a list - not as long lasting as the primacy effect - stored in STM

Question 31

Is distributed practice better or massed practice

Answer 31

Distributed practice is more effective than massed practice, it reduces cognitive load and fatigue. This is because distributed practice allows for rest and reflection between sessions, which helps the brain consolidate and integrate new information into long-term memory, instead of cramming it all in the night before

Question 32

what is chunking

Answer 32

dividing larger pieces of information into smaller units to remember it better, for example when learning a phone number

Question 33

How does shallow and deep processing influence memory

Answer 33

Memory tends to be better when items are processed for their meaning (deep processing- semantic) rather than their physical features (shallow processing- structural)

Question 34

whats the serial position effect

Answer 34

the psychological tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle

Question 35

how does shallow processing differ from deep processing.

Answer 35

Memory tends to be better when items are processed for their meaning (deep processing) rather than their perceptual features (shallow processing).

Question 36

long term memory processing (shallow-deep)

Answer 36

Structural processing - shallow Phonetic processing - deeper but still shallow Semantic processing - deep

Question 37

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 37

thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered

Question 38

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 38

repeating information over and over to keep it

Question 39

What is the semantic network theory

Answer 39

information is stored in groups of concepts (or nodes) which are meaningfully linked and form parts of overlapping networks. nodes may be thoughts, images, concepts, smells, tastes, memories, emotions or any other pieces of information.

Question 40

Why does the serial-position effect change when recall is delayed

Answer 40

your recall is delayed as the list gets longer which makes it harder to remember everything

Question 41

3 components of LTM (knowledge)

Answer 41

Procedural (implicit) episodic (explicit) semantic (general knowledge + facts)