Memory Flashcards
(36 cards)
Who conducted research on coding ?
Baddeley (1966)
What happened in Baddeley 1966 study ?
Gave lists of words of different words to four groups of ppts to remember and puts were shown the orginal words and asked to recall them in the correct order. When they had to recall this task immediately after hearing it (STM recall) they tended to do worse on acoustically similar words .
Who conducted research on capacity ?
Jacobs 1887
What did Jacobs 1887 do ?
Jacobs (1887) conducted an experiment using a digit span test, to examine the capacity of short-term memory for numbers and letters. Jacobs used a sample of 443 female students (aged from 8-19) from the North London Collegiate School.
who conducted a study on span of memory and chunking ?
Miller 1956
What did Miller 1956 do ?
He proposed the idea of the magic number 7+/- 2 and Jacobs supported this.
Who conducted research on duration STM ?
Peterson and Peterson 1959
What did Peterson 1959 do ?
They tested 24 undergraduate students and each student took part in eight trials. on each trial the student was given a consonant syllable (AKA a trigram) to remember and was given a three digit number. Then the students were asked to count backwards from that 3 digit number until told to stop.
What are the findings for Peterson 1959 ?
that information is rapidly lost if not rehearsed.
Who conducted research on duration LTM ?
Bahrick 1975
What did Barick do ?
studied 392 students from the American state of Ohio who were aged between 17 and 74.
What are the findings for Bahrick’s study ?
He found that ppts who were tested within 15 years of graduation were about 90% accurate in photo recognition. After 48 years, recall declined to about 70% for photo recognition. Free recall was less good than recognition. After 15 years this was about 60% accurate, dropping to about 30% after 48 years. This shows that LTM can last a very long time indeed.
What are three types of LTM ?
Episodic
Semantic
Procedural
What is Episodic memory ?
A long term memory store for personal events. It includes memories of when the events occurred and the people, objects, places and behaviours involved . Memories from this store have to be retrieved consciously and with effort.
What is semantic memory ?
A long term memory store for our knowledge of the world. This includes facts and our knowledge of what words and concepts mean. These memories usually also need to be recalled deliberately.
What is procedural memory ?
A long term memory store for our knowledge of how to do things. This includes our knowledge of how to do things. This includes our memories of learned skills. We usually recall these memories without making a conscious or delibrate effort.
what is interference theory ?
interference has mainly been proposed mainly as an explanation for forgetting in long term memory. Once information has reached LTM it is more or less permanent. Therefore, any forgetting of LTM is more likely because we can’t get access to them even though they are available. Interference between memories makes it harder for us to locate them, and this is experienced as ‘forgetting’.
What are the two types of interference ?
Proactive interference
retroactive interference
How many types of interference are there ?
two
What is proactive interference ?
Forgetting occurs when older memories, already stored, disrupt the recall of newer memories. The degree of forgetting is greater when the memories are similar.
What is retroactive interference ?
Forgetting occurs when newer memories already stored. The degree of forgetting is again greater when the memories are similar.
What did Mcgeogh and Mcdonald do ?
They studied retroactive interference by changing the amount of similarity between two sets of materials. ppts had to learn a list of 10 words until they could remember them with 100% accuracy. They then learned a new list. There was 6 groups of ppts that had to learn different types of lists.
Mcgoeogh and McDonald’s findings ?
When the ppts then recalled the original list of words, their performance depended on the nature of the second list. The most similar material
What did Loftus and Palmer do ?
