Memory 3 Flashcards
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What is the basic idea of the Levels-of-Processing model?
Memory doesn’t comprise of different stores but rather varies along different continuous dimensions in terms of the depth of processing.
What is the most significant difference between the Levels-of-Processing and the Three-
Store models?
The most significant difference is that the Levels-of-Processing model focuses on how deeply information is processed to determine memory strength, while the Three-Store model emphasizes where information is stored (sensory, short-term, or long-term memory).
How did Craik & Tulving (1975) experimentally test the Levels-of-Processing model?
Craik and Tulving (1975) tested the Levels-of-Processing model by giving participants words and asking them to process them at different depths Physical- is the word in capital letters (CAT), phonological- does it rhyme with hat (MAT), semantic- what is the meaning of the word (DAFFODIL).
Explain the self-reference effect.
Participants show higher level of recall when words are related to them (because of the self-schema- we encode information better if it is about us rather than others).
What are the two main criticisms of the Levels-of-Processing model?
It has circular definition (deeper level of processing leads top better retention but better retained information is looked at as deeper processed) and paradoxes (sometimes things that rhyme are better recalled than semantic rehearsal).
How was the Levels-of-Processing model revised?
The retrieval of results is dependent on the type of elaboration and retrieval task type. (within-item elaboration- in terms of it’s own characteristic and between-item elaboration- relating the features of an item to items already in memory).
According to Baddeley’s model, what are the five basic components of working memory?
According to Baddeley’s model, the five basic components of working memory are:
Central executive – controls attention and coordinates other components
Phonological loop – handles verbal and auditory information
Visuospatial sketchpad – processes visual and spatial information
Episodic buffer – integrates information across domains and links to long-term memory
Long-term memory – serves as a store of knowledge and experiences connected to working memory
What is the function of the visuospatial sketchpad?
It briefly holds visual images ( like remembering a map or visualizing a room layout).
What is the function of the phonological loop?
It briefly holds inner speech for verbal comprehension and acoustic rehearsal.
What is the function of the central executive?
It coordinates where the attention goes and other parts of working memory.
What is the function of the subsidiary slave-systems?
They perform other cognitive or perceptual tasks under the central executive.
What is the function of the episodic buffer?
It morphs information from the visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop in the LTM to create a unitary episodic representation.
What is the main idea of the Parallel Distributed Processing model?
The brain does not in a series of activities but rather performs those activities at the same time in parallel.
