Memory Flashcards
(24 cards)
Who came up with the idea of the ‘Multi-Store Memory Model’?
Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968
What is the order of the MSM?
Environment - Sensory -(attention)- Short term -(rehearsal and retrieval)- Long Term
If information is not repeated (rehearsed) what happens?
You forget the information
What is the duration, capacity and encoding of the ‘sensory’?
Duration = 0.5 seconds Capacity = very large Encoding = sensory specific
What is the duration, capacity and encoding for the ‘STM’?
Duration = 0-18 seconds Capacity = 5-9 items (more if you can cluster items together) Encoding = mainly auditory
What is the duration, capacity and encoding for the ‘LTM’ ?
Duration = unlimited (if rehearsed) Capacity = unlimited (if rehearsed) Encoding = mainly semantic
What is the three different types of encoding and which part uses it the most?
Visual (Sensory)
Acoustic (STM)
Semantic (LTM)
(Remember sensory uses them depending on the sense such as touch)
What did Glanzer and Cunitz do?
They found that the first and the last words when trying to remember are more likely to be recalled than those in the middle.
Supports LTM and STM existing.
Primary and Recency affects.
Give some strengths of this theory.
Gives a good understanding of structure.
Lots of human/laboratories evidence, KF motorcycle crash.
Simple.
Give some weaknesses of the theory.
Possibly oversimplified?
We can’t always remember stuff even if we have rehearsed it.
WMM?
What are the types of long term distinctions proposed by Tulving (1972)
Procedural - how we do things
Semantic - meaning
Episodic - events and experiences
Peterson and Peterson, what did they do?
Investigating STM,
24 students recalling trigrams with a 3,6,9,12,15,18s intervals,
Counted backwards too in 3’s.
Peterson and Peterson, what were there findings and conclusion?
After 3 seconds - 80% recalled
After 6 seconds - 50% recalled
After 18 seconds - >10% recalled.
Rehearsal has a short duration when recall in interrupted, and is different to the LTM’s so supports a separate part in the MSM.
Who thought of the Working Memory Model Theory and what are the 4 main parts?
Baddely and Hitch (1974) Episodic buffer -Phonological loop -Visuospatial-sketchpad -these 3 things are called slave systems -Central executive
What are the slave systems separate parts?
Phonological loop - phonological store/inner ear (stores what you hear, words) and the articulatory process/inner voice (rehearsal)
Visuospatial sketchpad - visual cache (stores form and colour) and the inner scribe (rehearses and records)
Episodic buffer - to put it simply it is backup/temporary store
What experiment did Baddely and Hitch do?
Participants asked to do two things at once, verbal task and number repeating task.
They found that verbal was used by the central executive and the number task was phonological loop.
Supports the WMM
What part of the WMM do they not have much information on?
The central executive because they don’t know where it is, can’t locate it.
What are the two types of interference in forgetting?
Retroactive interference - when new information stops the recalling of old information
Proactive interference - when old information stops the recalling of new information.
They are more likely to occur when the memories are similar
Talk about the Postman Experiment (1960)
Two groups,
Control given a list of paired words,
Other group given list of paired words and a list of other paired words,
All groups recalled but control were more accurate,
Retroactive interference.
What are some problems with the interference theory of forgetting?
All lab experiments so low ecological validity,
To an extent uses cognitive processes involved,
Semantic memory is more resistant than others.
What is the definition of retrieval failure?
Retrieval failure is where information is available in long term memory but cannot be recalled because of the absence of appropriate cues.
What are the different retrieval cues?
Context - external cues in the environment, such as the senses.
State - bodily cues inside us, such as emotion or mood or drunk.
Organisation - recall is improved if the organisation is structured, such as categories.
What did Baddeley (1975) do on retrieval failure?
Divers underwater vs divers on beach,
Rehearse list of words,
Half of each group go into the other environment,
Those who stayed in the same environment recalled 40% more words.
What about Goodwin on retrieval failure?
Affect of alcohol on state dependant retrieval,
He found when people encoded information when drunk, they were more likely to recall it in the same state.
An example of this, is one of them hid money when drunk and found it again when drunk later but couldn’t find it sober.
But there may be low ecological validity.
