Memory Flashcards
What is coding?
The format in which information is stored in the various memory stores
What is capacity?
The amount of information that can be held in a memory store
What is duration?
The length of time information can be held in memory
Who conducted research on coding?
Alan Baddeley (1966)
Describe Baddeley’s research on coding
He gave different lists of words to four groups of participants to remember
(1) acoustically similar words
(2) acoustically dissimilar words
(3) semantically similar words
(4) semantically dissimilar words
What did Baddeley find about coding?
(1) after STM recall participants tended to do worse with acoustically similar words which shows STM is coded acoustically
(2) after LTM recall participants tended to do worse with semantically similar words which shows LTM is coded semantically
What is a limitation of Baddeley’s research on coding?
Artificial material
- therefore this cannot be generalised to real-life situations and therefore the findings from this study have limited application
What two psychologists conducted research on capacity?
George Miller (1956) (chunking) and Joseph Jacobs (1887) (digit span)
Describe Joseph Jacob’s study on digit span
He asked participants to recall a certain number of digits and if they recalled this correctly then he would gradually increase the number of digit until the participant could not recall the order correctly
What did Joseph Jacobs find?
He found that the mean span for digits was 9.3 items and the mean span for letters was 7.3 items
What is a limitation of Joseph Jacob’s study?
Lacks validity
- it was conducted a long time ago and back then variables could not be controlled as well and therefore this reduces its validity
Describe George Miller’s study on capacity
He made observations and noted that things come in sevens and this suggests that the span of STM is about 7 (+or-2)
Miller also noted that people can recall 5 words just as well as they can recall 5 letters and they do this by chunking
What is a limitation of George Miller’s study on capacity?
Over-estimate
- Miller is said to have over-estimated the capacity of STM and Cowan concluded that the capacity of STM is only about 4 chunks
- This suggests that the lower end of Miller’s estimate of 5 is more appropriate
Who conducted research on the duration of STM?
Peterson and Peterson (1959)
Describe Peterson and Peterson’s study on the duration of STM
- 24 undergraduate student took part in 8 trials and on each trial the student was given a consonant syllable and a 3-digit number to count back from to prevent mental rehearsal
- on each trial they were told to stop after a different amount of time and this is called the retention interval.