Memory and EWT Flashcards
(38 cards)
Who found the multi store model
Atkinson and shiffrin
What is the sensory store?
It holds incoming sensory information for very brief periods of time
What is the capacity, duration and encoding of sensory memory?
Capacity- huge
Duration - 0-2 seconds
Encoding - echoic and iconic
What is the capacity of short term memory?
And how was this found?
Millers magic number - 7+- 2
Miller found that people could remember between 5 and 9 musical notes in their stm
What is the duration of short term memory and how was this found?
Up to 30 seconds Peterson and Peterson study- three letters to recall after delays, count backwards in threes during delays - stops rehearsal 3 seconds - 80% 9 seconds - 30% 18 seconds - 10%
How is information encoded in stm?
And how was it found
Acoustically
Baddely 1966a - four types of word lists - semantically similar and dissimilar and acoustically similar and dissimilar As - 55% correct Ad - 75% correct Ss Sd - both had little effect
What are the three types of long term memory! Give examples
Episodic memory - personal- best friends at school
Semantic memory- general knowledge - cells of a leaf
Procedural memory - unconscious performance of actions - riding a horse
What is the capacity of LTM
HUGE
What is the duration of LTM and how was it found?
Lifetime
Bahrick et al -
Tested recall of classmates - photo - name recognition - name and photo
392 American ex high school students
90% accuracy in face and name after 34 years
How is information in LTM encoded and how was this found?
Semantically Baddely 1966b Four types of word lists As Ad - both made no difference Ss - 55% correct Sd - 85% correct Delay of 20 mins doing another toast LTM is semantically coded
What is encoding?
Converting information into a language or format that the mind can understand
What is the primacy and recency effect and how does it support the msm?
The best recall of words was the first ones, because they have been rehearsed and out into LTM, and last ones, which are still in the short term memory. The middle words are displaced. This shows that the memory has separate stores
Give details of the case study of HM.
Surgery for epilepsy that caused him to no longer be able to form new LTM
shows that the things have to be rehearsed to put into long term memory even though both his stores were still intact.
Give details of the case study of HM
Surgery for epilepsy that caused him to no longer be able to form new LTM
shows that the stores are separate becusse his
Why does HM contradict the Multi store model.
Because he could carry out and learn a procedural memory of drawing with a mirror, which shows there are separate parts of the long term memory store.
Give details of the case study of KF
Damage to brain after motorcycle accident
Reduced capacity in short term memory but could form long term memories.
Shows they are separate stores.
How does KF contradict the multi store model?
Because his stm for verbal info was Impaired but for visual information was still intact, therefore stm can not be just one store.
Who developed the working memory model?
Baddely and hitch
What are the 5 components of the working memory model?
Visuo-spatial sketch pad, central executive, phonological loop, long term memory, and episodic buffer
What study supports the idea Visuo-spatial sketch pad and phonological loop are separate, give details.
Baddely
condition 1: task a - lazer task b - capital f with a corner
Condition 2: task a - lazer task b 1 verbal task
Made more errors in condition 1 because both were visual tasks
Shows that phonological loop and VSSP are separate
What study gives evidence for the phonological loop? Give details
Baddely word length
Lists 5 short words and lists of long words
Tested recall immediately
More words were recalled when they were shorter
- we rehearse them using our inner voice, limited by how long it takes to say them.
Therefore short term verbal memory involves the inner voice
What study supports the idea that inner voice and inner ear are separate
Palesu
PET scans
Either storing series of letters - using both inner voice and ear
Or judging wether two letters rhyme, only using inner voice
Found that they used separate parts of the brain
- RADIOACTIVE GLUCOSE - unethical but not harmful, only small, amounts used in normal scans
What are the two explanations for forgetting?
Interference and retrieval cue failure
What is the interference theory?
Give the two types and what they are
We forget because of new or old information effecting our memory
Proactive interference when old info interferes with new
Retroactive interference when new info interferes with old
