Memory - forgetting - retrieval failure Flashcards

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1
Q

what is retrieval failure

A
  • a form of forgetting
  • occurs when we don’t have the cues to access memory
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2
Q

what is a cue

A
  • a trigger of information that allows us to access a memory
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3
Q

what is the encoding specificity principle

A
  • developed by Tulving 1983
  • a cue has to be both present at encoding and retrieval
  • if cues are absent or different there will be forgetting
  • context dependent forgetting
  • state dependent forgetting
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4
Q

what is context dependent forgetting

A
  • recall depends on external cues
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5
Q

what is the research into context dependent forgetting

A

Godden and Baddeley (1975)
- asked deep sea divers to learn and recall words
- learn + recall on land
- learn + recall underwater
- learn on land, recall underwater
- learn underwater, recall on land
- recall was 40% lower in non-matching conditions
- external cues at learning and recall were different and led to forgetting

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6
Q

what is state dependent forgetting

A
  • recall depends on internal cue
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7
Q

what is the research on state dependent forgetting

A

Carter and Cassaday (1998)
- gave antihistamines to participants and learn and recall words
- learn on drug, recall on drug
- learn on drug - recall not on drug
- learn not on drug - recall on drug
- learn not on drug - recall not on drug
- mismatch between conditions recall was worse = more forgetting

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8
Q

what are the strengths of retrieval failure

A

Smith (1979)
- thinking of the room where you did the learning was as effective as being in the room at the same time of retrieval

  • more deeply information is processed when more links and associations are created
  • decreases chances of forgetting

Baddeley
- different contexts have to be very different for an effect to be seen
- forgetting is unlikely as the environments aren’t similar enough

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