memory key terminology

Question 1

define ‘multi store model of memory’ (2) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 1

• a representation of how memory works in terms of of three stores
• also describes how info us transferred from one store to another

Question 2

define ‘coding’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 2

• the format in which info is stored in the various memory stores

Question 3

define ‘capacity’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 3

• the amount of info that can be held in a memory store

Question 4

define ‘duration’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 4

• the length of time that info can be held in a memory store

Question 5

define ‘retrieval’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 5

• recall of info that is previously stored in memory

Question 6

define ‘sensory register’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 6

• the store of our 5 senses

Question 7

define ‘iconic memory’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 7

• the sensory register that stores visual info

Question 8

define ‘semantic processing’ (2) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 8

• processing something via its meaning
• e.g. a word

Question 9

define ‘acoustic processing’ (2) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 9

• processing something via how it sounds
• refers to sounds or sense of hearing

Question 10

define ‘echoing memory’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 10

• the sensory register that stores auditory info

Question 11

define ‘episodic memory’ (2) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 11

• long term memory store for personal events
• memories from this store have to be retrieved consciously with effort

Question 12

define ‘semantic memory’ (2) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 12

• long term memory store for out knowledge of the world
• memories usually need to be recalled deliberately

Question 13

define ‘procedural memory’ (2) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 13

• long term memory store for our knowledge of how to do things
• usually recall these memories without making a conscious or deliberate effort

Question 14

define ‘hippocampus’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 14

• a structure in the sub cortical area of each hemisphere of the forebrain that is associated with memory

Question 15

define ‘maintenance rehearsal’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 15

• verbally repeating an item to keep it in memory

Question 16

define ‘prolonged rehearsal’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 16

• repeating info to pass it from STM to LTM

Question 17

define ‘short term memory’ (4) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 17

• the limited capacity memory store
• coding = mainly acoustic
• capacity = 7 +/- 2 items
• duration = around 18 secs

Question 18

define ‘long term memory’ (4) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 18

• the permanent memory store
• coding = mainly semantic
• capacity = unlimited
• duration = up to a lifetime

Question 19

define ‘working memory model’ (2) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 19

• a representation of STM
• suggests that STM is a dynamic processor of different info using subunits that are coordinated by a central system

Question 20

define ‘central executive’ (2) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 20

• component of WMM that coordinates the activities the activities of the 3 subsystems in memory
• allocates processing resources

Question 21

define ‘visio-spatial sketchpad’ (3) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 21

• component of WMM that processes visual & spatial info
• often called the ‘inner eye’
• made up of visual cache & inner scribe

Question 22

define ‘episodic buffer’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 22

• component of WMM that brings together material from subsystems into a single memory

Question 23

define ‘phonological loop’ (2) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 23

• component of WMM that process info in terms of sound (e.g. written & spoken material)
• has 2 subsystem (phonological store & articulatory process)

Question 24

define ‘phonological store’ (2) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 24

• component of phonological loop that stores sounds
• acts as an ‘inner ear’

Question 25

define ‘articulatory process’ (2) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 25

- component of phonological loop that verbally repeats words & sounds that have been heard - acts as an ‘inner voice;

Question 26

define ‘dual task performance’ (2) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 26

- research procedure where an individual is asked to do 2 tasks at the same time - if tasks are done slower together means they are using the same resources in the brain

Question 27

define ‘interference’ (2) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 27

- forgetting in LTM because one memory blocks another - this causes one or both memories to be distorted/forgotten

Question 28

define ‘proactive interference’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 28

- forgetting occurs when newer memories disrupt the recall of older memories that are already stored

Question 29

define ‘retroactive interference’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 29

- forgetting occurs when older memories that are already stored disrupt the recall of newer memories

Question 30

define ‘retrieval failure’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 30

- a form of forgetting that occurs when we don’t have the necessary cues to access a memory

Question 31

define ‘context dependent forgetting’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 31

- recall depends on external cues like the weather or a place

Question 32

define ‘state dependent forgetting’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 32

- recall depends on internal cues like feeling upset or being drunk

Question 33

define ‘misleading information’ (2) (key terminology)

Answer 33

- incorrect information given to an eye witness usually after an event - can be in the form of leading questions or post event discussion

Question 34

define ‘tunnel theory’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 34

- an explanation for the weapon focus effect that the weapon narrows the field of attention & reduces the amount of info that can be stored

Question 35

define ‘weapon focus’ (2) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 35

- the concentration on a weapon by a witness of a crime - the subsequent inability to accurately remember other details of the crime

Question 36

define ‘leading questions’ (key terminology - memory)

Answer 36

- questions which may suggest a certain answer because of the way they are phrased

Question 37

define ‘post-event discussion’ (2) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 37

- occurs when there is more than one witness to an event - witnesses may discuss what they have seen, which influence the accuracy of recall

Question 38

define ‘Yerkes-Dodson law’ (2) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 38

- a model of the relationship between stress & task performance - reach peak level of performance with intermediate stress levels

Question 39

define ‘cognitive interview’ (2) (key terminology - memory)

Answer 39

- method of interviewing eye witnesses to help them retrieve more accurate memories - uses 4 main techniques based on evidence based knowledge of human memory