memory unit (unit 1)

Question 1

we develop our memory overtime ,……..

Answer 1

through our lifespan.

Question 2

sensory memory

Answer 2

a very short memory of senses

Question 3

short-term memory

Answer 3

memory that can hold up to seven items briefly

ex: phone numbers are 7 digits because of this

Question 4

long-term memory

Answer 4

relatively permanent & limitless storage of memories, ex, knowledge, skills, experiences

Question 5

encoding:

Answer 5

getting info into the memory system

Question 6

storage:

Answer 6

retaining encoded information overtime.

Question 7

retrieval:

Answer 7

getting information out of the memory system.

Question 8

effortful processing

Answer 8

active processing, information requires effort to be processed

Question 9

automatic processing

Answer 9

unconscious processing of information, ex: learning how to ride a bike

Question 10

explicit memory

Answer 10

memories we can consciously declare (remember)

Question 11

implicit memory

Answer 11

memories that are independent of conscious recollection (ex: riding a bike)

Question 12

shallow processing

Answer 12

processing on a surface level (meaningless, easier to forget)

Question 13

deep processing

Answer 13

processing on a deeper level (meaningful, easier to remember)

Question 14

working memory

Answer 14

memory we use for immediate mental use, adds conscious processing of new information and information from our long-term memory.

(ex: holding a number in mind when solving a math problem)

Question 15

chunking

Answer 15

grouping of information

Question 16

mnemonics

Answer 16

linking words together that become relatable information, helps remember that information
ex: making up a story from words, acronyms, etc.

Question 17

hierarchy:

Answer 17

order of information

Question 18

Are our long term memories stored in a specific location of the brain?

Answer 18

No, we store long term memories throughout our brain networks.

Question 19

hippocampus

Answer 19

holds short term memories and transfers them into long term storage.

Question 20

cerebellum

Answer 20

helps form and store the implicit memories created by classical conditioning.

Question 21

basal ganglia

Answer 21

facilitates formation of procedural memories for skills.

Question 22

intense emotions can lead to….

Answer 22

more deeper engraving of memories in brain

Question 23

increase at synapses lead to…

Answer 23

quicker, easier memory processing

Question 24

external cues, internal emotions & order of appearance lead to….

Answer 24

retrieval cues: easier to remember that memory

Question 25

why do we forget?

Answer 25

aging, physiological interruptions, encoding failure

Question 26

misinformation effect

Answer 26

occurs when misleading information distorts one's memory of an event ex: an eyewitness being asked "did you see the broken light" instead of "did you see a broken light"

Question 27

false memories

Answer 27

we fill in the gaps of stories. we remember the overall assumptions better than the details themselves.

Question 28

source amnesia

Answer 28

faulty memory for how, when and where information was learned/ imagined

Question 29

random assignment

Answer 29

randomly assigning the participant group in an experiment to either control or experimental group. 50% chance of ending up in each group.

Question 30

random selection

Answer 30

randomly selecting the sample group from the total population. relates to correlational study.

Question 31

case study

Answer 31

research design going deep on a single subject or case, usually an article.

Question 32

correlational study

Answer 32

examines the relationship between two variables, there is usually choice allowed, no specific data, one does not cause the other to happen. ex: number of hours studied & exam scores

Question 33

experiment

Answer 33

there is a hypothesis, control & experimental groups, specific data and the two variables have a cause and effect relationship.

Question 34

meta analysis

Answer 34

statistical or experimental methods of studies with the same questions are analyzed for common techniques, results or disagreements. BIIG amount of data

Question 35

cognition

Answer 35

mental activities related to thinking, knowing, communicating, remembering.

Question 36

concept

Answer 36

mental group of similar ideas, objects, events or people.

Question 37

prototype

Answer 37

best example of a category

Question 38

creativity

Answer 38

ability to produce new and valuable ideas

Question 39

convergent thinking

Answer 39

providing a single solution to a problem (ex: a math problem)

Question 40

divergent thinking

Answer 40

multiple solutions to a problem, creative thinking that expands in different directions

Question 41

expertise

Answer 41

component of creativity: well developed knowledge

Question 42

imaginative thinking skills

Answer 42

component of creativity: ability to see things in novel ways, create connections

Question 43

venturesome personality

Answer 43

component of creativity: seeks new experiences, perseveres, tolerates ambiguity & risk

Question 44

intrinsic motivation

Answer 44

being driven more by interest & satisfaction & challenge than by external pressures (extrinsic motivation)

Question 45

creative environment

Answer 45

sparks, supports and refines creative ideas

Question 46

algorithm

Answer 46

methodological rule/procedure that guarantees a solution but requires time & effort

Question 47

intuition

Answer 47

fast, automatic feelings& thoughts based on experience

Question 48

insight

Answer 48

sudden aha! reaction : instant solution

Question 49

heuristic

Answer 49

simple thinking shortcut that enables quick& efficient decisions

Question 50

fixation

Answer 50

inability to view problems from a different angle

Question 51

confirmation bias

Answer 51

tendency to search for support for your own views

Question 52

overconfidence

Answer 52

overestimating the accuracy of your beliefs & judgments

Question 53

creativity

Answer 53

ability to produce novel & valuable ideas

Question 54

framing

Answer 54

wording a question/statement so that it evokes a desired response

Question 55

belief perseverance

Answer 55

holding on to your beliefs even after they are proven wrong.