unit 4 barron's Flashcards
social influence theory
the idea that how people feel and act is affected by others around them.
attribution theory
+ what are the two components?
+examples?
the theory that explains someone’s behavior using either situational factors or personal dispositions.
dispositional attribution: a person behaves a certain way because of their traits.
situational attribution: a person might behave a certain way because of situational factors, ex: when you act angry because your car broke down.
self-fulfilling prophecy
+which experiment?
the expectations/predictions we have of others can influence those others’ behavior or “become true”.
+pygmalion in the classroom experiment where random students were treated like intelligent people and they actually increased their IQ scores.
fundamental attribution error
+example?
+ what aspect about collectivist vs individualistic cultures?
when you underestimate the impact of the situational factors and overestimate the impact of personal dispositions:
ex: Claire gets tackled by accident by another runner at a marathon which leaves her unable to complete the marathon. she believes that the other runner did that on purpose.
- psychologists now argue that collectivist cultures show less fund. attributional error than individualistic cultures because they understand the situational factors better.
actor observer bias
+example?
people are more likely to make situational attributions about themselves than about others.
ex: if you are quiet in a class you might attribute it to the fact that it is a boring class, but your classmate might think that you are shy in general.
false consensus effect
the tendency for people to overestimate the amount of people who agree with them.
self serving bias
when people overestimate their impact on good outcomes and underestimate their impact on bad outcomes.
just world phenomenon
+example
believing that good things happen to only good people and bad things to only bad people.
- ex: if somebody thinks unemployed people are just lazy.
mere exposure effect
+example
the more you are exposed to sth the more you will come to like it.
+ ex: when you go to the store and see a huge ad sign about Ruffles chips, and you see it several times so you decide to buy it and like it.
elaboration likelihood model
+what are the two types associated with it?
suggests that persuasion takes two forms:
central route to persuasion: deeper processing as to what a product contains, benefits, etc. “LOGIC”
peripheral route to persuasion: when people are persuaded more by incidental cues, ex: who the advertiser is.
If it is a celebrity that advertises the product people are more likely to buy it.
“EMOTIONS, ETHOS”
cognitive dissonance theory
+example
+conscious/unconscious?
when a person’s attitudes(beliefs) and behaviors contradict, causing discomfort. either the attitudes or the behaviors have to change.
ex: if somebody believes alcohol is bad then starts drinking beer, they might change their attitude about alcohol.
+ this change happens without conscious awareness.
foot in the door technique
+example
suggests that when you ask for a small request and then follow up with a larger request, the second request is more likely to be accepted.
ex: when you ask your friend for $5 and then $15.
door-in-the-face technique
when people refuse a large, unreasonable request, a second, smaller and much more reasonable request is more likely to be accepted.
ex: if you ask your friend for $100 and they refuse, so you ask for $ 15 instead.
social reciprocity norm/ norms of reciprocity
when people do something nice to you you feel like you have to return that favor.
ex: when you cast your vote on that one SGA president candidate that provided food for the entire school.
social responsibility norm
the belief that we should all try to make the world a better place by doing what we can do.
social traps
a situation in which we all have to contribute to solve a problem but our personal influence is so small that we act upon our immediate personal interests rather than trying to solve that problem.
ex: climate change, environmental problems.
stereotypes
+example?
typical representation of a social group: race, ethnicity, geography
ex: New Yorkers are rude.
prejudice vs discrmination
prejudice is looking negative on a group. discrimination is acting with your prejudice.
explicit attitude vs implicit attitude in prejudice
explicit: conscious prejudice
implicit: unconscious prejudice
out-group homogeneity bias
when you view your own group as more diverse and other “out-groups” as more similar, homogenous.
ex: a new yorker knows that not all new yorkers are rude, some are really nice. but they may view a californian as fake.
in-group bias
people tend to view their own group more favorably than other groups.
superordinate goal and contact theory
the contact theory suggests that by putting a diverse group of people together that have prejudices toward one another and making them all work towards one goal that benefits all (superordinate goal), their prejudice will decrease.
instrumental vs hostile aggression
+examples for both
instrumental aggression has a clear purpose, the individual wants to achieve sth by showing aggression.
ex: bank robbery
hostile aggression has no clear purpose.
ex: somebody yelling
frustration aggression hypothesis
the more someone is frustrated the more likely they will be aggressive.
