Mendel/Morgan

Question 1

What did Mendel discover?

Answer 1

The basic principle of heredity by breeding garden peas in a carefully planned experiment

Question 2

What are the advantages of pea plants?

Answer 2

• many varieties with distinct heritable features variants (called traits)
• maturity of plants can be controlled
• each plant has sperm and egg producing organs
• cross pollination can be achieved

Question 3

What is the P generation?

Answer 3

The true breeding parents of the first generation

Question 4

What is the F1 generation?

Answer 4

Hybrid offspring from the P generation

Question 5

When is the F2 generation produced?

Answer 5

When F1 individuals self pollinate

Question 6

What did Mendel call a gene?

Answer 6

A heritable factor

Question 7

What is the first law of segregation

Answer 7

3:1 ratio, with a dominant and recessive Alleles

Question 8

What are the four related concepts in the first law of segregation?

Answer 8

1. All alternative versions of genes account for variants
2. For each character an organism inherits 2 Alleles, one from each parent
3. Of the 2 Alleles at a locus differ, then one (dominant) determines the appearance, and the other (recessive) has no effect on appearance
4. Now known as the law of segregation, states the 2 Alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

Question 9

How many Alleles that are present in somatic cells of an organism to the sperm or egg get?

Answer 9

One of the 2

Question 10

The segregation of Alleles corresponds to the distribution of what?

Answer 10

Homologous chromosomes to different gametes in meiosis

Question 11

What’s the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Answer 11

Genotype is the genetic makeup and phenotype is its physical appraearance

Question 12

What’s a cross between heterozygote monohybrids called?

Answer 12

Monohybrid cross

Question 13

What does the law of independent assortment state?

Answer 13

That each pair of Alleles segregated independently of each other pair of Alleles during gamete formation

Question 14

What’s the difference between the first law of independent assortment and the second law of inheritance?

Answer 14

First focuses on one trait where second focuses on 2

Question 15

What are the degrees of dominance?

Answer 15

• complete dominance
• incomplete dominance
• codominance

Question 16

What is complete dominance

Answer 16

Occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

Question 17

What is incomplete dominance

Answer 17

The phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the 2 parental varieties

Question 18

What is co dominance

Answer 18

2 dominant Alleles effect the phenotype in desperate distinguishable ways

Question 19

What are quantitative characters?

Answer 19

Those that vary in the population along continuum

Question 20

Quantitative variation usually indicates what?

Answer 20

Polygenic inheritance, an addictive affect of 2 or more genes on a single phenotype

Question 21

Which types of flys were mutant? Normal or wild?

Answer 21

Wild

Question 22

With some traits why do only males get it?

Answer 22

Because it has to be located on the Y chromosome. Females need 2’copies of the allele

Question 23

What is a gene located on either sex chromosome?

Answer 23

Sex linked gene (in humans usually on the X)

Question 24

What are linked genes?

Answer 24

Genes located on the same chromosomes that tend to be inherited together

Question 25

What is genetic recombination?

Answer 25

The production of offspring with combination of trait differing from either parent

Question 26

What are parental types?

Answer 26

Offspring with a phenotype matching one of the parents

Question 27

What’s s recombinant type/recombinant

Answer 27

Offspring with nonparental phenotypes (new combination of traits)

Question 28

What percentage of frequency is observed for any two genes on different chromosomes

Answer 28

50%

Question 29

What is crossing over

Answer 29

A process that breaks the physical connection between genes on the same chromosome

Question 30

What is the genetic map?

Answer 30

An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome

Question 31

What is a linkage map

Answer 31

A genetic map of a chromosome based on recombination frequencies

Question 32

How do the map units works

Answer 32

Distance between genes: one map unit=1%recombination frequency

Question 33

How do genes that are far apart of the same chromosome behave?

Answer 33

Physically linked but not genetically linked, act as on different chromosomes

Question 34

What is aneuploidy?

Answer 34

Results from the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurred

Question 35

What is nondisjunction

Answer 35

Pairs on homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis

Question 36

What is polyploidy? Triploidy?

Answer 36

A condition in which a organism has has more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes. Triploidy is 3 sets

Question 37

Polyploidy is common in what?

Answer 37

Plants

Question 38

What are the four types of changes in chromosome structure that come from breakage of the chromosome

Answer 38

- deletion-removes chromosome segment - duplication-repeats a segment - inversion-reverses segment - reciprocal translocation- crossing of the sex chromosomes