menstruation part 2 Flashcards
what would happen to the cells of the endometrium if progesterone was blocked
they would die
when menstruate is not completely removed from the body, tissue can adhere and grow - elsewhere. where can it go? what would happen as a result?
can go up into oviducts, anywhere
2. fertility issues, there would be cell division and death in capsule but cells don’t go anywhere, puts a lot of pressure
what are the causes for endometriosis
-could be retrograde menstruation
-spread via lymphatic system (stroma cells don’t die and get into lymphatic and circulatory system)
-transplantation of endometrial cells
-role for altered natural killer cell activity (decreased)
-combination of factors
-due to E2 and P4 increases
what peptides cause changes in GnRH release
leptin, ghrelin, insulin –> release sex steroids
how does a lack in leptin affect KISSpeptin production
decrease in KISSpeptin production in the ARC
how does a lack in leptin affect GnRH production
decrease in GnRH –> decrease in FSH -> decrease in follicle growth –> decrease in estradiol –> decrease in LH
how does a lack in leptin affect ovulation
decrease in E2 = decrease in LH surge
how does a lack in leptin affect the menstrual cycle
decrease in estradiol = decrease in thickening of endometrium
fertility = 0
what happens to folks that have small amounts of fat (ie less than 20% of body weight)
decrease in the release of KISSpeptin
how does adipose tissue affect leptin
without enough leptin signaling, there will be:
-drop in FSH = delayed maturation of follicles
-drop in LH = no ovulation
-no menstruation
what is the function of ghrelin
-stomach produces ghrelin when it is empty
-makes you feel hungry
-its action on KISS neurons is to inhibit
do you think ghrelin knock out mice have lowered fertility
no
what is insulin’s function
-increases androgen production by the ovaries
-increases circulating levels of free androgens by reducing SHBPs (sex hormone binding proteins)
-increases testosterone production by internal theca cells of follicle
there are insulin receptors on internal theca cells (respond to LH) of the follicles. what do you think high insulin levels do the production of testosterone
increase
what is the impact of elevated androgens on ovulation
decrease in GnRH –> decrease in FSH –> decrease in aromatase –> decrease in estradiol => not stimulating AVPV –> decrease in ovulation
