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Mental Abilities Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Mental Abilities

A

Differences among individuals in their levels of maximum performance

Comprable to personality which is typical performance

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2
Q

Mental Abilities - Structure, Galton

A

Identified hereditary genius and a result of physical abilties

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3
Q

Mental Abilities - Structure, Cattell

A

Identified IQ as a basis of 10 psychological functions

Was based on performance not ability

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4
Q

Mental Abilities - Structure, Spearman

A

Identified general intelligence factor = g

Looked at school grades, which could be influenced by factors other than intelligence, such as motivation

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5
Q

Mental Abilities - Structure, Thurstone

A

Contradicted g developing a theory of 7 abilties

Verbal fluency, Verbal comprehension, Memory, Numerical reasoning, Spatial reasoning, Perceptual speed

Abilities still highly correlated, indicating presence of a general factor

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6
Q

Mental Abilities - Structure, Carroll

A

g = broad

Fluid intelligence, Crystallised intelligence, Memory, Visual processing, Auditory processing, Processing speed, Cognitive speed, Retrieval

69 narrower abilities

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7
Q

Mental Abilities - Structure, Cattell-Horn-Carroll

A

g = broad

Comprehension, Short-term memory, Long-term memory, Cognitive speed, Quantitative reasoning, Reading ability, Visuo-spatial processing, Auditory processing

69 narrower abilities

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8
Q

Mental Abilities - Change

A

Absolute g shows rapid increase during childhood then a gentle decline at old age

Spatial ability is better in young adults
Verbal ability is better at 40 - 50 uears old

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9
Q

Mental Abilities - Stability

A

g remains relatively stable across time

11 to 80 years old, correlation .66

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10
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Biological Bases, Brain Size

A

Brain volume and intelligence .33

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11
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Biological Bases, Nerve Conduction

A

Limited support but possible positive correlation

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12
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Biological Bases, Reaction Time

A

-.30 correlation

Less time taken to respond relates to higher intelligence

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13
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Biological Bases, Inspection Time

A

-.30 correlation

Less time taken to inspect related to higher intelligence

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14
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Biological Bases, Brain Waves

A

High IQ tend to show short latency, high frequency, low amplitude waves, indicating less exertion for processing

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15
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Biological Bases, Brain Glucose Metabolism

A

Higher IQ show lower glucose consumption, indicating more efficient processing

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16
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Genetics, Adult

A

Heritability .65

Shared environment .20

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17
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Genetics, Children

A

Heritability .40

Shared environment .20

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18
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Genetics, Additive vs Non-additive influence

A

.35 vs .15

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19
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Genetics

A

Effect of environment becomes a lesser influence with age

Genetics becomes a greater influence with age

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20
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Birth Order, First borns

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A

Receive undivided attention and stimulation while young

3 IQ points higher than second-borns

21
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Birth Order, Last borns

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A

More intuitive in order to get attention of parents

22
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Birth Order, Kristensen & Bierkedal 2007

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A

Second-borns rasied as first-borns due to death or adoption have IQ levels similar to that of first-borns

Highlights effects of environment after birth not pre-natal

23
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Womb Environment

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A

Chorion type affects how similar the environment of twins is

Later borns have less fresh uterus, possibly less nutrition and may result in lower IQ

24
Q

Mental Abilities - Origins, Nutrition, Breastfeeding

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A

Breastfed children have higher IQ

Question of cause and effect - does breastfeeding increase IQ or are breastfeeding parents more intelligent and pass this on

25
Mental Abilities - Origins, Nutrition, Folate and B12 levels
Positive correlation to IQ
26
Mental Abilities - Origins, Nutrition, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Lead exposure or Malnutrition
Result in low IQ
27
Mental Abilities - Life Outcomes, Marriage
Spouse verbal abilities correlate .45 as we require the ability to communicate with our partner Spouse numerical abilities correlate weakly due to not requiring them in a relationship
28
Mental Abilities - Life Outcomes, Longevity and Health
Whalley & Deaj 2001 IQ correlates positively to life expectancy Cannot draw cause and effect - does high IQ cause increased life expectancy or does it result in healthier behaviours which result in longevity
29
Mental Abilities - Life Outcomes, Academic Performance, Dreary et al 2007
Level of g at 11 years old predicts academic achievement at 16 years old g and performance in secondary school .50 g and performance in college .40
30
Mental Abilities - Life Outcomes, Academic Performance
IQ and GPA correlate .50 -.60
31
Mental Abilities - Life Outcomes, Job Performance, Hunter & Hunter 1984
More intelligent workers are better workers Complex jobs require more intelligent workers
32
Mental Abilities - Life Outcomes, Job Performance
IQ and income correlate .40 | IQ and statuscorrelate .50
33
Mental Abilities - Life Outcomes, Criminality
Higher IQ show better criminal payoff
34
Mental Abilities - Life Outcomes, Criminality, Moffitt & Silva 1988
Individuals who hadnever had contact with police had higher IQ Individuals who had contact with the police and delinquents had same IQ
35
Not all tasks are the same
Some tasks require crystallised intelligence, others require fluid intelligence
36
Not all tasks are the same - Fluid intelligence
Ability to learn new things and solve novel problems Flexible thought Culture free
37
Not all tasks are the same - Crystallised intelligence
Ability to use previous knowledge to inform responses Depends on culture experience and exposure Results in well=learned skill
38
Not all tasks are the same - Flynn effect
IQ today is much higher than IQ of the past and is not attributable to improved education Effect is stronger for fluid intelligence than crystallised
39
Alternative Theories - Multiple Intelligence
Gardner Believed that non-mental abilities also contribute to intelligence Naturalistic, Linguistic, Logic-Mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal All correlate and show g-factor loadings
40
Alternative Theories - Triarchic Intelligence
Sternberg Practical, Analytic, Creative
41
Alternative Theories - Triarchic Intelligence, Practical
Problem-solving abilities in real life Measured by real-world successes
42
Alternative Theories - Triarchic Intelligence, Analytic
Academia, logic and control Measured by academic performance
43
Alternative Theories - Triarchic Intelligence, Creative
New ideas and gaining new insights Measured by artistic performance
44
Alternative Theories - Emotional Intelligence
Mayor & Salovey 1990 The ability to regulate one's emotions, involving self-control, confidence, trust, empathy and optimism
45
Alternative Theories - Emotional Intelligence, Criminality
EI negatively correlates to delinquency, possibly through effect of self-control
46
Alternative Theories - Emotional Intelligence, Factors
Thought faciliation Accurate perception Managing and regulation Understanding of signals
47
Alternative Theories - Emotional Intelligence, Ability EI
Ability to process emotional information Measured by max performance Positively correlated to Agreeableness, Openness to Experience and verbal ability
48
Alternative Theories - Emotional Intelligence, Trait EI
Ability to perceive own emotions Unrelated to GPA and test scores but measured through self-report Positively correlates to Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability Negatively correlates to Neuroticism

SP529 (10 decks)

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