Stability and Change

Question 1

Change - Roberts et al 2000

Answer 1

Big-5 meta-analysis

Most change between 20 - 40 years old

Question 2

Change - Roberts et al 2000, Extraversion (assertiveness)

Answer 2

Increases then plateaus at 50

Question 3

Change - Roberts et al 2000, Conscientiousness

Answer 3

Steady increase throughout life

Question 4

Change - Roberts et al 2000, Emotional Stability

Answer 4

Increase then plateaus at 30

Question 5

Change - Roberts et al 2000, Agreeableness

Answer 5

Steady increase throughout life

Not as high as Conscientiousness

Question 6

Change - Roberts et al 2000, Openness to Experience

Answer 6

Increase to 30s then steady decline into old age

Question 7

Change - Roberts et al 2000, Extraversion (Sociability)

Answer 7

Decrease then plateau at mid-50s

Question 8

Change - McCrae et al 1999

Answer 8

Change is similar across Germany, Italy, Portugal, Croatia & Korea

Question 9

Change - Tvzenewski et al 2008

Answer 9

Overall no change in Narcissim levels since 1982, only facet level changes

Self-sufficiency is higher in 2007
Superiority is higher in 1982

Question 10

Change - Causes, McCrae & Costa 1999

Answer 10

Biological basesresult in tendencies which affect our adaptation to the environment which then influences out self-concept and personality

Question 11

Change - McCrae & Costa 1999, Openness to Experience

Answer 11

Decreases with age

Question 12

Change - McCrae & Costa 1999, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness

Answer 12

Increases with age

Question 13

Change - McCrae & Costa 1999, Social Dominance Orientation

Answer 13

Increases with age

Question 14

Change - Causes, Roberts, Wood & Smith 2005

Answer 14

Social Investment Hypothesis

Social tasks affect personality with age
Normative experiences such as marriage or bereavement will impact tendencies

Not cross-culture generalisable due to differences in the time scales of events despite similarities for time scales of change

Question 15

Stability - McCrae & Costa 1992

Answer 15

Measured personality traits regularly across 16 - 84 years old

6 weeks .80
24 years .65
Observer report 6 years .70

Question 16

Stability - Adolescence, Robins et al 2001

Answer 16

4 years in college .60

Question 17

Stability - Adolescence, Roberts et al 2001

Answer 17

18 - 26 years .55

Question 18

Stability - Adolescence, McCrae et al 2008

Answer 18

12 - 16 years .40

Question 19

Stability

Answer 19

Change of differences between people in trait levels

Question 20

Stability - Self-esteem, Robins & Trzenewski 2005

Answer 20

Decreases with age then increases at 60s, to decrease again afterwards but with lesser force

Mean SE change but self-esteem is fairly stable

Question 21

Stability - Self-Esteem, Neyer & Lehnut 2007

Answer 21

Entering and monitoring the self whilst in relationships results in increased self-esteem due to high sense of security

Question 22

Stability - Self-Esteem, Neyer & Lehnut 2007, Timley beginners

Answer 22

Increases to T2 when get into a relationship and then plateaus

Question 23

Self-Esteem, Neyer & Lehnut 2007, Early beginners

Answer 23

Remains relatively high across all times, slightly higher at T3

Question 24

Self-Esteem, Neyer & Lehnut 2007, Stable singles

Answer 24

Increase slightly to T2 then plateaus

Question 25

Self-Esteem, Neyer & Lehnut 2007, Late beginners

Answer 25

Low plateau until increase at T3

Question 26

Childhood Traits - Stability

Answer 26

Stable across short periods | Unstable across long periods

Question 27

Childhood Traits - Structure, Caspi et al 2005

Answer 27

Children show temperament traits, not full personality traits Activity level, soothability, fearfulness, positive emotion

Question 28

Childhood Traits - Structure, Caspi et al 2005, Activity level

Answer 28

Positively correlated to extraversion

Question 29

Childhood Traits - Structure, Caspi et al 2005, Fearfulness

Answer 29

Negatively correlated to Emotional Stability

Question 30

Childhood Traits - Structure, Lamb et al 2002

Answer 30

100 Swedish children 12 - 16 years old Developmental trait change

Question 31

Childhood Traits - Structure, Lamb et al 2002, Openness to Experience

Answer 31

Increases then slight decrease

Question 32

Childhood Traits - Structure, Lamb et al 2002, Conscientiousness

Answer 32

Steady increase

Question 33

Childhood Traits - Structure, Lamb et al 2002, Agreeableness

Answer 33

Plateaus

Question 34

Childhood Traits - Structure, Lamb et al 2002, Extraversion

Answer 34

Decreases

Question 35

Childhood Traits - Structure, Lamb et al 2002, Neuroticism

Answer 35

Highest at the start of school

Question 36

Childhood Traits - Structure

Answer 36

5 factors are usually found | However, sometimes Honesty-Humility and Openness are not identified in children

Question 37

Childhood Traits - to Adulthood, Self-Control

Answer 37

Children with high self-control in the Marshmallow test show high adult success

Question 38

Childhood Traits - to Adulthood, Black & Black 2006

Answer 38

Liberal adults were self-reliant and resourceful children | Conservative adults were conventional and guilt-prone children

Question 39

Childhood Traits - Hawaiian studies

Answer 39

2000 children 45 years Teacher reports at T1, self-reports at T2

Question 40

Childhood Traits - Hawaiian studies, Agreeableness

Answer 40

Low correlation

Question 41

Childhood Traits - Hawaiian studies, Openness to Experience

Answer 41

Low correlation

Question 42

Childhood Traits - Hawaiian studies, Extraversion

Answer 42

Moderate correlation

Question 43

Childhood Traits - Hawaiian studies, Conscientiousness

Answer 43

Moderate correlation

Question 44

Childhood Traits - Hawaiian studies, Emotional stability

Answer 44

No correlation

Question 45

Childhood Traits - Huesman et al 2009

Answer 45

Trait agression from 8 - 48 years old r .50

Question 46

Perfectionism - Damien et al 2013

Answer 46

Expectations during childhood predict levels of Socially-Prescribed Perfectionism SOP .65 SPP .54

Question 47

Perfectionism - Stoeher et al 2009

Answer 47

Conscientiousness during childhood predicts Self-Oriented Perfectionism SOP .73 SPP .52