mental illness Flashcards

1
Q

History - Trepanning

A
  • Drill a hold into a person’s head to relieve pressure
  • thought madness was caused by building up of pressure in the head and this is how they treated them
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2
Q

History - Greeks

A
  • imbalance of the bodily humorous (fluids) = unhealthy
  • Hippocrates was greatly influenced by this theory and he came up with a theory for mental illness
  • Spoke out about phobias – one of the first people in the West to do so
  • Physician to reject supernatural causes for illness
  • Proper treatment is physiological
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3
Q

History - Medieval Ages (12 to 15th century)

A
  • if you were mentally ill, you had moral issues
  • Illness was a divine punishment
  • sick because you were sinful and God is punishing you
  • Fasting and prayer is the treatmen
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4
Q

History - 16 - 18th century

A
  • workhouses
  • Madhouses; people who were poor, ill, and unable to work
  • Harsh treatments were thought to be therapeutic: whipping, confining, throwing cold water
  • Mentally ill were regarded as wild animals
  • Barbaric treatments; people were put on display
  • Restraints + forceful confinement wasn’t uncommon
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5
Q

History - 19th century

A
  • specific syndromes
  • E.g. first official talk of schizophrenia
  • John Reill (1808) coined the term psychiatry
  • Recognition of what mental illness really is and changes in methods
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6
Q

Modern Approach - Medical Model + Skepticism?

A
  • Mental illness as something not unlike a disease
  • Physical + biological in nature. Something that in theory can be fixed
  • Conceptualization of psychological disorders as diseases that, like physical diseases, have biological causes, define symptoms and possible cures
  • Skepticism: not every action or thought can be traced to an underlying disease
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7
Q

Diagnosis? Symptoms? Syndrome

A

 Diagnosis: determine nature of mental disease by assessing symptoms
 Symptoms: behaviours, thoughts, emotions suggesting an underlying abnormal syndrome
 Syndrome: coherent cluster of symptoms due to a single cause

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8
Q

Deinstitutionalization + Problem?

A
  • New emphasis on deinstitutionalizing people
  • Trying to get more and more mentally ill people out of hospitals and back home
  • People are better in a familiar environment in which they feel comfortable
  • Problem: a lot of mentally ill people don’t have a home to return to
  • ¼ of schizophrenics live on the streets, many turn homeless
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9
Q

Impact of chlorpromazine

A
  • First mass-manufactured drug treatment for schizophrenia
  • until then there was no sensible treatment for schizophrenia besides a lobotomy and electrical treatment
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10
Q

Key symptoms of Illness? (3)

A

Disturbance, Distress, internal

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11
Q

KS of I - Disturbances

A

o Important
- Key symptoms of illness
o Disturbances
 See a marked disturbance in either behaviour, thinking, or in affect (emotion)
 E.g. so afraid of outside spaces that you can’t leave your house to go shopping
 E.g. if you think the door next door is controlling your thoughts
 E.g. seriously considering suicide because of your depression
o Distress
 A problem (e.g. “I just can’t go to work anymore”)
o Internal
 Source of your problem is not reasonable
 It’s something that you yourself think up
 E.g. you still want to commit suicide despite having a loving family

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12
Q

KS of I - Distress? Internal?

A
  • Distress: A problem (e.g. “I just can’t go to work anymore”)
  • Internal: source of your problem is not reasonable, it’s something that you yourself think up
  • E.g. you still want to commit suicide despite having a loving family
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13
Q

Causes - integrated of biological? psychological? environmental?

A
  • Biological: genetic influences, biochemical imbalances, structural abnormalities of the brain
  • Psychological: maladaptive learning and coping, cognitive biases, dysfunctional attitudes, interpersonal problems
  • Environmental: poor socialization, stressful life circumstances, cultural and social inequities
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14
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A
  • Most disorders have both internal (biological and psychological) and external (environmental) causes
  • person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
  • genetic precursor for an illness which is turned on by some environmental event
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15
Q

DS model - diathesis? stress? twins and schizophrenia?

A
  • diathesis = internal predisposition (like genetics)
  • Stress = external trigger
  • Identical twins – environmental key
  • One goes throughout life and doesn’t have that environmental key =no schizophrenia
  • Second twin was abused and took drugs, and this causes the schizophrenia
  • Combination of genetic precursor + important environmental event (key)
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16
Q

How Common is Mental Illness? canadians? anxiety? mood? schiz?

A
  • In any given year, 1:5 Canadian adults (under age 65) have a mental illness
  • Anxiety disorders affect roughly 12% of us
  • Mood disorders affect roughly 10%
  • Schizophrenia, roughly 1%
17
Q

Misconceptions - Pigeonholing? Stigma?

A
  • Psychologists/ psychiatrists are good at recognizing differences between patients and disorders
  • They don’t just randomly throw people into categories
  • Stigma: sometimes if people know that they are mentally ill, they are more accommodating for them
18
Q

Misconceptions - unreliable? invalid?

A
  • Many disorders are reliably discovered
  • Invalid
    o Valid data
    o ‘Studies are completely invalid because psychologists don’t tell anything new’
    o Diagnoses that we use can reliably predict future behaviour
    o Detects brain imaging results
19
Q

DSM-IV-TR: stands for? is what?

A
  • Diagnostic & Statistical Manual Fourth Edition Text Revision
  • Classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems
  • Each disorder name and classified like it were a distinct illness
20
Q

DSMIVTR - revisons?

A
  • 150 reviews -each review is review of the literature
  • 40 reanalyzes of data sets
  • 12 field trials = Good empirical data work
21
Q

DSMIVTR - approach? prevalence?

A
  • Tends to be neutral in respect to diagnosis
  • Tells you how common these disorders are
  • Explicit diagnostic criteria
22
Q

DSM: Three key elements that must be present to qualify as a mental disorder?

A
  1. Disorder is manifested in symptoms that involve disturbances in behaviour, thoughts or emotions
  2. Symptoms are associated with significant personal distress or impairment
  3. Symptoms stem from an internal dysfunction (biological, psychological or both)
23
Q

Five Axes of DSM?

A
  1. Clinical, developmental, learning disorders
  2. Personality + MR
  3. Psychosocial/environmental
  4. Medical condition
  5. GAF
24
Q

DSM - GAF?

A
  • Global assessment of functioning
  • Because psychological disorders exist along continuum from normal to abnormal
  • 1 – 100 rating
  • low = severe disorder, high = normal functioning