mental illness - mood disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Mood Disorders - what? mood? two main forms?

A
  • Mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature
  • two main forms are depression and bipolar disorders
  • Mood: relatively long lasting, nonspecific emotional states (nonspecific = no idea what causes the mood)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Stats - how many suicides canadians? women depression vs men? suicide/total deaths? most common age for depression?

Examples of Mood disorders? (4)

A
  • 4000 Canadians/year commit suicide
  • Women are 2x more likely to become depressed than men are
  • ¼ of all deaths (Canadians 15 – 24 y.o.) are due to suicide
  • Most common age of onset of depression is adolescents
  • Examples: Seasonal Affect disorder, Dysthymia, Unipolar depression, Bipolar disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Unipolar depression - aka? what? 5?

A
  • aka major depressive disorder
  • Severely depressed mood that lasts 2 or more weeks, accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances
  • 8% of Canadians will experience it at some point in their lives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Unipolar depression - changes in affect, thought physical?

A
  • Affect: everything is flat, grey, lifeless
  • Thought: people who are depressed pay special attention to negative info, dwell on it, and at the same time greatly downplay coping resources – mistaken cognition
  • Physical: aches, pains, stomach problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Key symptoms of depression? Anhedonia?

A
  • Sadness, feeling worthless & hopeless
  • Anhedonia: inability to feel pleasure – stuff that used to make you happy can’t anymore
  • Lack of motivation
  • Feeling isolated
  • Difficulty concentrating – reading a book, following plot of movie, etc
  • Bodily symptoms: sleeping too much/too little, eating too much/too little
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Unipolar Dep - % canadians? lasts how long? single vs recurrent? median life time risk?

A
  • 8%

o Major depression lasts on average 12 weeks
o Without treatment, 80% will experience at least one recurrence of disorder
o Compared with people with a single episode: recurrent depression has more severe symptoms, higher rates of depression in families, more suicide attempts, higher divorce rates
o Median lifetime risk for depression: 16% but increasing
o Women twice as much as men (maybe because of socioeconomic standing, hormones like estrogen, androgen, progesterone, postpartum depression, maybe more likely to seek help/get diagnosed)
o Women: accept, disclose and ruminate on negative emotions vs. men: deny and self-distract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Uni-Dep - gender and why?

A
  • Women twice as much as men
  • maybe because of socioeconomic standing, hormones like estrogen, androgen, progesterone, postpartum depression, maybe more likely to seek help/get diagnosed
  • Women: accept, disclose and ruminate on negative emotions vs. men: deny and self-distract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Uni- Dep Biological factors - heritability? parts of brain?

A
  • Biological factors
    o Heritability 33% to 45% but vary as a function of severity (more severe = higher concordance rates)
    o Might involve diminished activity in left prefrontal and increased activity in right prefrontal cortex
    o Stroke patients damaging left PC: higher levels of depression
  • Psychological factors
    o Consistent negative cognitive style – pessimism, low self-worth
    o Helplessness theory: individuals prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (their own fault) stable (won’t change) and global (widespread)
    o Ex: Bad grade on math test is a sign of low intelligence (internal), will never change (stable) and make them fail all his future endeavors (global)
    o Evidence that depressed people’s judgments, memories and attributions are negatively biased (but bias could be a consequence rather than a cause)
  • Suicide risk and prevention
    o Women more likely to attempt, but men more likely to die during suicide attempts
    o Suicide rates increase with age, aging white males high risk
    o Werther effect: contagion of suicide – contagious, imitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

U-D psychological factors - cognitive style? helplessness theory?

A
  • consistent negative cognitive style – pessimism, low self-worth
  • Helplessness theory: individuals prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (their own fault) stable (won’t change) and global (widespread)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bipolar Depression - what? depressive state?

A
  • Unstable emotional conditioned characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
  • Depressive phase: often clinically indistinguishable from major depression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

BD - mania meaning? symptoms? DSM requirements?

A
  • wild, exuberant, unrealistic activity not justified by environmental events
  • erratic thought processes, elated & self-confident but easily angered if challenged, often flip from idea to idea – almost resembles a schizophrenic mind (misdiagnosing possibility)
  • has to last at least a week to meet DSM requirements
  • Other symptoms: elevated mood, irritable, grandiosity, less sleep, talkative, racing thoughts, distractibility, reckless behaviour, psychotic features like hallucinates/delusions possible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

BD - %? manic/depressive timing? recurrence? persistence?

A
  • 1% of Canadians will experience it
  • In 2/3 of patients, manic episodes immediately precede or follow depressive episodes
  • Recurrent condition: 90% afflicted will suffer from several episodes
  • Persistent: lots of relapse and new episodes after recovery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

BD - rapid cycling bipolar disorder - %? requirements? gender?

A
  • 10%
  • At least four mood episodes (either manic or depressive) every year
  • More common in women
  • sometimes precipitated by antidepressant drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

BD biological factors - heritability? genes? neurotransmitters?

A
  • Highest rate of heritability: ID twins 40 to 70% concordance
  • Polygenic disorder: interaction from multiple genes
  • Low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine might contribute – but doesn’t explain why lithium (unrelated to these neurotransmitters) helps stabilize both depressive and manic symptoms
  • Prefrontal cortex & amygdala in particular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

BD Psychological factors?

A
  • Stressful life experiences often precede manic and depressive episodes
  • Severely stressed patients too longer to recover from an episode
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dysthymia - what? vs. unipolar depression?

A
  • related to unipolar depression – same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present
  • difference: less severe but last longer – persists for at least two years
17
Q

Double depression

A
  • dysthymia and unipolar depression co-occurring
  • moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression
18
Q

SAD, seasonal affective disorder

A
  • Recurrent, depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern
  • Episodes usually begin fall/winter and remit in spring
  • pattern because of reduce light
  • More prevalent in higher latitudes