mental illness

Question 1

generalities :

• thought disorders
• break between the cognitive and the emotional

Answer 1

Schizophrenia

Question 2

in Schizophrenia :

what are the 3 symptoms and their manifestations?

Answer 2

Positive symptoms : hallucinations, delusion and disorganised behaviour

Negative symptoms: Disruptions in normal emotional states and expressions

• Affective flattening
• Anhedonia, alogia, and avolition

Cognitive symptoms: Problems with thought processes (EF): e.g. attention, memory, planning

Question 3

Mesocortical DA pathway (in scz)

What symptoms?

Answer 3

decreased in scz

negative symptoms

Question 4

Mesolimbic DA pathway (in scz)

What symptoms?

Answer 4

increased in scz

positive symptoms

Question 5

recurrent MD episodes with at least one hypomanic episode

bipolar I or II?

Answer 5

bipolar II

Question 6

manic episodes with at least one MD episode

bipolar I or II?

Answer 6

bipolar !

Question 7

Clinical manifestations of depression

Answer 7

Dysphoric or irritable mood

loss of interest and pleasure

Question 8

clinical manifestations of mania

Answer 8

elevated levels of euphoria, self-esteem and extreme levels of energy

Question 9

Dopamine (DA)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Serotonin (5-HT)
These hormones decrease and increase in what MD?

Answer 9

decrease in depression

increase in mania

Question 10

What does an hyperactive amygdala cause?

Answer 10

attentional bias to threats

Question 11

What does an hyperactive cingulate cortex cause?

Answer 11

anticipatory anxiety

Question 12

what is the pathophisiology of anxiety disorder?

Answer 12

Neurochemical abnormalities

Impaired inhibitory neuromodulation (🡻GABA)

Impaired monoamine neurotransmission (🡻5-HT, NE)

Heightened sensitivity to pH alterations (panic)

Question 13

What are the 4 general diagnosis criteria for personality disorders?

Answer 13

1. Pattern of experiences and behaviors deviating from the individual’s socio-cultural norms in at least 2 of: cognition; affect; social activities; impulse contro
2. Pattern is inflexible and pervasive
3. Pattern causes significant distress or impairments
4. Pattern is stable across time and situations and has an early onset (i.e.: childhood or adolescence)

Question 14

What are the manifestations of borderline?

Answer 14

• self destructive (self mutilation)
• impulsive
• erratic emotions
• sexual
• extreme intensity
• always in a crisis

Question 15

What are the manifestations of antisocial?

Answer 15

• breaks law
• no remorse/guilt
• appears friendly on the surface

Question 16

What are the risk factors and correlations in antisocial?

Answer 16

risk factors: conduct disorders or other PD diagnosis, family hx, abuse/neglect/violent family env.

correlations: violent/ criminal behaviors, alcohol/ substance abuse

Question 17

What are the risk factors and comorbidities for borderline?

Answer 17

risk factors : genetic, trauma and female

comorbidities: bipolar disorder, eating disorder, depression substance abuse and other PD

Question 18

Which of the following statement is TRUE about the etiology and course of mental disorders?
Most mental disorders are strongly genetically determined
Most mental disorders have their onset around mid-life
The stress-diathesis/dual-risk model best explains most mental disorders
Anxiety disorders are the cause of most depressive disorders

Answer 18

The stress-diathesis/dual-risk model best explains most mental disorders