Metabolic Diseases Flashcards

(30 cards)

1
Q

what are metabolic diseases?

A

abnormal chemical reactions that disrupt metabolism

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2
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the biological processes that allow people to grow, reproduce, and repair damage

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3
Q

what are the two processes related to metabolism?

A

catabolism and anabolism

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4
Q

what is catabolism?

A

breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones to produce energy

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5
Q

what is anabolism?

A

consuming energy to build new cells

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6
Q

what do metabolic disorders affect?

A

how the body breaks down large molecules for energy, how efficiently we produce energy, or cause problems with energy regulation

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7
Q

what is diabetes characterized by?

A

high fasting blood glucose

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8
Q

what is type 1 diabetes?

A

hyperglycemia arises when insulin is no longer secreted

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9
Q

what is type 2 diabetes?

A

no longer able to facilitate glucose entry into cells for energy production

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10
Q

what is glucose?

A

the primary sugar metabolized for energy

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11
Q

which cells secrete insulin?

A

beta cells

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12
Q

what is the preference for testing for diabetes?

A

fasting plasma glucose

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13
Q

what causes type 1 diabetes?

A

autoimmune destruction of the beta cells

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14
Q

what happens with gestational diabetes?

A

pregnancy heightens metabolic workload of the pancreas and heightens insulin sensitivity and resistance

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15
Q

what percentage of diabetes cases are type 2?

A

90-95%

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16
Q

what is the most frequently diagnosed and fastest growing NCD in the world?

17
Q

true or false. Prevalence of diabetes increases with age?

18
Q

why is diabetes prevalence higher in older women?

A

because they live longer

19
Q

diabetes deaths are attributable to what percentage of all-cause global mortality?

20
Q

true or false. 2/3 of diabetes deaths occur in developing countries?

21
Q

what are the 2 subtypes of type 1 diabetes?

A

1a) autoimmune destruction of beta cells in pancreas

1b) a non-autoimmune pancreatic beta cell destruction that is idiopathic

22
Q

what are risk factors for type 1 diabetes?

A
  • genetics
  • family history
  • environmental factors
  • dietary factors
  • ethno-racial distribution
  • geography
23
Q

true or false. high birth weight and weight gain first year after being born is associated with an increased type 1 diabetes risk?

24
Q

with type 2 diabetes… elevated blood glucose occurs when

A

there is a mismatch between the amount of insulin that is produced and secreted by the b-cells of the pancreas and the amount needed to maintain normal blood glucose levels

25
what are some protective factors for type 2 diabetes?
- dietary fibre | - magnesium
26
true or false. Women with a history of gestational diabetes are at a 2-3 fold elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
true
27
how does double diabetes present?
- as type 1 with underlying insulin resistance syndrome | - type 2 with observed autoimmunity to pancreatic beta cells
28
one of the greatest current public health threats is
obesity
29
why are more women obese than men?
evolutionary pressures where women store extra fat for reproduction and lactation
30
what are some BMI limitations?
- do not differentiate between fat and fat free mass - does not measure distribution of body fat - does not show within-interval variation in morbidity