Week 2 Lecture 1: Classification of NCDs

Question 1

what were the 3 top causes of death in Canada in 2020?

Answer 1

1. heart disease
2. cancer
3. COVID-19

Question 2

how many deaths were there in 2016 and how many of these were caused by chronic disease?

Answer 2

55 million; 40 million

Question 3

chronic diseases that do not last for a long time are called what?

Answer 3

acute diseases

Question 4

are acute diseases still NCDs

Answer 4

YES

Question 5

true or false… birth rates are exceeding death rates

Answer 5

True. This is why the world’s population is increasing

Question 6

true or false… no matter the income region, aging is growing just at slower rates in some parts

Answer 6

true

Question 7

what are the two reasons for the word population increasing in number and growing older

Answer 7

1. increasing longevity

2. decreases in fertiltiy

Question 8

what is the life expectancy worldwide?

Answer 8

71

Question 9

is longevity greater in women or men?

Answer 9

women

Question 10

what is life expectancy?

Answer 10

the average number of years a newborn could expect to live if he or she [assed through life

Question 11

what is the formula for life expectancy?

Answer 11

sum of years of life divided by total number of persons at birth

Question 12

where is life expectancy lowest?

Answer 12

SSA

Question 13

Life expectancy in developed nations now approaches or surpasses what age?

Answer 13

80

Question 14

What people enjoy the longest longevity?

Answer 14

Japanese

Question 15

What is aging driven by

Answer 15

the deterioration of cellular health

Question 16

True or false. The acceleration of aging and even one weak critical cell population may create a weak link for the entire system resulting in debilitation and deaths

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What is the one agent theory of aging?

Answer 17

aging is not a disease but it increases vulnerability to diseases

Question 18

true or false. Aging is parallel with certain health conditions

Answer 18

true

Question 19

what is the free radical theory of aging?

Answer 19

aging is just a consequence of accumulating oxidative damage to cells and cellular components such as the mitochondria over time

Question 20

what is the telomere theory of aging?

Answer 20

as a critical fraction of cells reach their Hayflick limit and are unable to replicate then maintenance, defence, and repair of the body becomes impaired

Question 21

what is the Hayflick limit?

Answer 21

reached where there’s a loss of telomeres at the tips of chromosomes with each successive cell division. Cell division becomes impaired because cells cannot divide, replicate, and repair

Question 22

what is fertility rate?

Answer 22

the average number of births per woman during child bearing years

Question 23

the world fertility rate has been ____ to 5.0 in the 1950s to 2.5 in the 21st century

Answer 23

cut in half

Question 24

what is the range for child bearing years?

Answer 24

15-45

Question 25

in industrialized nations, fertility rates are now ___ replacement rates

Answer 25

well below

Question 26

the world fertility rate overall has dropped from ___ to ___

Answer 26

5 to 2.4

Question 27

true or false. global population growth rate is declining

Answer 27

true because of decreasing fertility rates

Question 28

true or false. rapid population change is coming to an end

Answer 28

true

Question 29

do fertility rates decline fast or slow?

Answer 29

either

Question 30

After what age does a woman's potential for child bearing decline

Answer 30

20-30

Question 31

what are some reason's for worldwide global decline in fertility rate

Answer 31

- worldwide birth control - access to education for women - increasing labor market participation - declining child mortality - rising cost to raise children - accessibility to abortions

Question 32

what is the demographic transition?

Answer 32

many nations are experiencing marked increases in life expectancies and decreases in fertility. has produced a population with an abundance of geriatric individuals compared to the number of young people

Question 33

what two characteristics is the demographic transition based on?

Answer 33

1. birth rate | 2. death rate

Question 34

Define DALY

Answer 34

a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability, or early death

Question 35

what is the formula for DALY

Answer 35

YLL + YLD

Question 36

One DALY represents what?

Answer 36

one year of health life and the sum of DALYs for everyone of a population therefore quantifying a gap between current and ideal healths status

Question 37

What does a DALY quantify?

Answer 37

mortality and morbidity in a single metric

Question 38

DALYs are ____ fold higher in SSA largely due to high mortality rates from acute and chronic conditions

Answer 38

2-fold

Question 39

Higher than average DALYs are common where?

Answer 39

worn torn nations such as Afghanistan and Iraq

Question 40

developing countries accounted for ___ of global disease burden yet receive only ___ of global health funding

Answer 40

90%; 10%

Question 41

During 2016, ___ of all deaths were from chronic diseases compared to ___ from acute conditions

Answer 41

72%; 28%