Week 4: Allergies and Inflammatory Diseases

Question 1

what are allergies?

Answer 1

a reaction to a substance that is harmless. severe or life-threatening reactions are called anaphalyxis

Question 2

what do allergic reactions produce?

Answer 2

a molecule called immunoglobulin E or IgE antibody

Question 3

what are substances that provoke an antibody response called?

Answer 3

allergens

Question 4

what is the immune system?

Answer 4

a complex network of cells and organs (lymphoid organs) that protect the body from infection

Question 5

what are adenoids?

Answer 5

two glands located at the back of the nasal passages

Question 6

what is the appendix?

Answer 6

a small tube connected to the large intestine

Question 7

what is bone marrow?

Answer 7

soft fatty tissue found in bone cavities

Question 8

what are lymph nodes?

Answer 8

small organ shape like means through the body and connected by lymphatic vessels

Question 9

what are lymphatic vessels?

Answer 9

a network of channels throughout the body that carries lymphocytes to lymphoid organs and the blood stream

Question 10

what are peyer’s patches?

Answer 10

lymphoid tissue in the small intestine

Question 11

what is the spleen?

Answer 11

a small fist like organ located in the abdomen cavity

Question 12

what is the thymus?

Answer 12

two lobes that join in front of the trachea behind the breastbone and tonsils

Question 13

what are the tonsils?

Answer 13

two oval masses in the back of the throat

Question 14

where do allergic reactions begin?

Answer 14

the immune system which overreacts by releasing antibodies that attack the alergen

Question 15

what is the job of antibodies?

Answer 15

find the allergens and help remove them from the body

Question 16

what chemical causes allergy symptoms?

Answer 16

histamine

Question 17

what is the most common chronic condition in the world?

Answer 17

asthma

Question 18

how do allergens enter the body?

Answer 18

• inhaled
• ingested
• enter through the skin

Question 19

allergy symptoms will vary based on what?

Answer 19

type and amount of allergen encountered and the way the immune system reacts

Question 20

allergies affect everyone equally but generally occur more in ______

Answer 20

children

Question 21

an allergic reaction usually involves how many body systems?

Answer 21

at least two

Question 22

what is epinephrine?

Answer 22

a drug that stimulates the adrenal glands and increases the rate and force of the heart rate

Question 23

what may happen with anaphylactic shock?

Answer 23

body tissues may swell including those in the throat and a sudden drop in blood pressure.

Question 24

what are the symptoms of anaphylactic shock?

Answer 24

itching and hiving all over the body or most of it, feeling warm, swelling of the throat and tongue, throat tightness, difficulty breathing, dizziness, headache, vomiting, shock, loss of consciousness

Question 25

What sex is more likely to report allergies?

Answer 25

females

Question 26

Canadians most commonly report allergies to what?

Answer 26

pollen or grass

Question 27

what are factors associated with fatal anaphalaxyis?

Answer 27

delayed epinephrine, peanut allergy, food infection outside the house and teenagers outside the home

Question 28

What are the most likely reasons for fatal anaphylaxis cases in Ontario?

Answer 28

food, insect venom, medical treatment (iatrogenic), and idiopathic

Question 29

what are 4 risk factors for allergies?

Answer 29

1. child 2. family history of allergies 3. family history of asthma 4. currently having asthma or another allergic condition

Question 30

what allergies are more likely with family history?

Answer 30

hives, excema, and hay fever, symptoms are also more likely

Question 31

true or false having history of allergies is a risk factor for developing allergies

Answer 31

true; 63% of those with allergies also report having asthma

Question 32

what can be used to reduce asthma symptoms?

Answer 32

inhaled corticosteroids and bronchial dilaters

Question 33

what causes asthma?

Answer 33

recursive abnormal immune response of the B lymphocytes to one or more allergic stimuli resulting in the inflammation and IgE mediated histamine release by mast cells. infiltration of eosinophilic immune cells in the body. reactive cellular process that causes constriction of upper airways and restriction of airflow in and out of the lungs

Question 34

pathiphysioogically, asthma affects hat?

Answer 34

avelioas, trachea, bronchi

Question 35

asthma prevalence is higher in ____ at a young age but higher in ____ during adulthood

Answer 35

males; females

Question 36

what can partially reverse lung dysfunction with asthma?

Answer 36

short acting beta agonist such as albuterol

Question 37

what is atopy?

Answer 37

the production of specific anitbodies belonging to the IgE class in response to common environmental allergens

Question 38

true or false. There is a dose response relationship between relative asthma risk and number of positive tests

Answer 38

True

Question 39

what are some co-morbidities with asthma?

Answer 39

- environmental tobacco smoke - obesity - food allergy - household cleaning products - drug induced asthma

Question 40

what increases asthma risk in obese patients?

Answer 40

adipocytes engorged with triglycerides are induced to secrete cytokines

Question 41

the inheritance of susceptibility genes are their translation to the asthmatic phenotype is

Answer 41

that of a complex polygenic disorder

Question 42

____ is a powerful stimulant of allergic reactions and inflammation

Answer 42

chitin

Question 43

what is produced in humans as a response to chitin?

Answer 43

chitinase

Question 44

what is arthritis

Answer 44

an inflammatory disease of one or more of the synovial joints

Question 45

what bears your weight throughout the lifespan?

Answer 45

synovial joints

Question 46

what are the 3 components of the synovial joints?

Answer 46

1. articular cartilage 2. synovial membranes 3. synovial fluid They all interact to form a smooth surface for joint flexion, extension, and rotation

Question 47

What is the hinges of the skeletal system?

Answer 47

the synovial joints

Question 48

what does reticular cartilage do?

Answer 48

serves as an elastic shock absorber, weight bearing surface, wear resistant, and cartilage is devoid of nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels

Question 49

true or false. reticular cartilage normally does not undergo cell division

Answer 49

true

Question 50

what is the role of synovial membranes?

Answer 50

link the joint capsule. These membrane consist of a single layer of phagocytic and secretory cells

Question 51

describe the role of chrodrocytes in relational to synovial joints

Answer 51

save continual turnover of cartilage while actively synthesizing its two essential components: collegen and proteoglycans

Question 52

what do phagocytes do in relation to synovial joints?

Answer 52

guard the joint capsule against infection; secretory cells produce and secrete synovial fluid into the joint space

Question 53

what is synovial fluid?

Answer 53

viscious and facilitates flexion of all joints and rotation of certain complex joints

Question 54

under normal circumstances, synovial fluid is sterile. true or false?

Answer 54

true; in arthritic conditions it is infiltrated by immune cells and lympgocytes due to chronic inflammation

Question 55

what does osteoarthritis primarily affect?

Answer 55

the weight-bearing joints

Question 56

what is osteoarthritis characterized by?

Answer 56

deformation, limiting of motion, and inflammation and pain

Question 57

what is the most common arthritis form?

Answer 57

osteoarthritis

Question 58

what is present in osteoarthritis?

Answer 58

focal erosive lesions, cartilage destruction, and subchondral cirrhosis

Question 59

is there an increase or decrease in the rate of collegen synthesis in the joints with osteoarthritiss?

Answer 59

increase

Question 60

what are the hallmarks of osteoarthritis?

Answer 60

joint space narrowing, bone spurs and cyst, severity graded from 0-4

Question 61

describe the 0-4 scale

Answer 61

``` 0-absent 1-doubtful 2-minimal 3-moderate 4-severe ```

Question 62

is osteoarthritis more prevalent in women or men?

Answer 62

women

Question 63

what joints are most affected with osteoarthritis?

Answer 63

knees, hips, spine, thumbs, fingers

Question 64

obesity tends to cause osteoarthritis of the

Answer 64

knee

Question 65

true or false. there is a dose-response relationship with increasing body mass and osteoarthritis

Answer 65

true

Question 66

risk increased __ fold in men and __ fold in women with higher BMI for osteoarthritis

Answer 66

5; 7

Question 67

where does RA usually begin and end up?

Answer 67

small joints of hands and feet and then progresses to larger joints

Question 68

RA us typically characterized as

Answer 68

symmetrical inflammatory polyarthritis

Question 69

RA incidence in women is twice that of men across the life span. true or false

Answer 69

true

Question 70

when is classic RA defined?

Answer 70

when all criteria are positive

Question 71

what are risk factors for RA?

Answer 71

- female - genetics - smoking

Question 72

genes that predispose someone to RA exist in what region of the chromosome?

Answer 72

HLA region of chromosome six

Question 73

true or false. the use of the oral contraceptive pill reduces risk of RA in women

Answer 73

true

Question 74

have incidences for RA declines in the second half of the 20th century? why?

Answer 74

yes because of widespread oral contraceptive use

Question 75

postmenopausal hormone therapy has been shown to reduce development or progression or RA. True or false?

Answer 75

false

Question 76

what drugs are used for RA?

Answer 76

non-steroid anti-inflammatory to reduce pain, inflammation, symptom relief and maybe slow disease progression

Question 77

What is the only option to truly reduce risk of developing RA?

Answer 77

avoiding tobacco smoking

Question 78

what is gout characterized by?

Answer 78

transient recurrent attacks of acute arthritis evoked by the precipitation of monosodium uric acid crystals from supersaturated body fluids

Question 79

the development of gout is preceeded by what?

Answer 79

chronic hyperuricemia due to overproduction or retention of uric acid

Question 80

gout commonly affects the

Answer 80

big toe

Question 81

what is the pathonomic microscopic lesion of gout called?

Answer 81

typhus (tofus)

Question 82

what is tofus?

Answer 82

a mass of urate crystals surrounded by fibroblasts and mixed with macrophages, lymphocytes, and giant cells

Question 83

is risk of gout higher in men or women?

Answer 83

2-fold higher in men