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PMVPH > Metabolic Problems - Small Animals > Flashcards

Metabolic Problems - Small Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What level is obesity general recognised as in small animals?

A

20-25% above ideal body weight

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2
Q

Why is there an increased risk with anaesthesia with obesity in small animals?

A

More difficult to monitor patientsAirway issues

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3
Q

What is obesity associated with in cats?

A

Hepatic lipidosis with illness leading to anorexiaDevelopment of diabetes mellitus (3.7x increase)Urethral obstruction

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4
Q

What is obesity associated with in dogs?

A

Risk for pancreatitisWorsening manifestation of degenerative orthopaedic disorders

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5
Q

How does obesity complicate respiratory diseases?

A

Increases upper airway resistance and decreases functional residual lung capacity

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6
Q

How does obesity complicate neurological disease?

A

Physiotherapy more difficult

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7
Q

How does obesity complicate orthopaedic diseases?

A

Excessive stress on arthritic jointsDecreased mobilityHigher post-operative complications

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8
Q

What are non-client related contributing factors to obesity in small animals?

A

Primary underlying cause causing imbalance between intake and expenditureExcessive intakeLack of exerciseMetabolic statusGeneticsLife-style

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9
Q

What are the client-related factors that contribute to obesity in small animals?

A

Feeding practices and schedulesAd libitum feedingMultiple pets in householdSmall childrenMultiple members of family feeding

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10
Q

Which dog breeds are predisposed to obesity?

A

Labrador RetrieversGolden RetrieversShetland SheepdogsCocker SpanielsChihuahuaBasset HoundsPugsDachshundsMiniature Schnauzers

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11
Q

Why can neutering pets lead to obesity if owner not educated?

A

Reproductive status impacts energy requirements and owners do not mostly change amount fed post-neutering

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12
Q

Why does feeding need to be adjusted with age in small animals?

A

Aging causes loss of lean body massEnergy requirements related to lean body massIf intake not adjusted then obesity occurs

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13
Q

What needs to be incorporated into every physical assessment of an animal during a physical assessment?

A

Body condition score

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14
Q

How can you ensure a weight loss programme is successful?

A

Educate clientClient gives full commitmentRegimen individualised to needs of patient and clientEffective and consistent communicationEstablish good rapport with clients

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15
Q

What are some good ways to create a successful weight loss programmes?

A

Meal-fed rather than ad libitumAll meals carefully measuredTake full diet history with entire familyKeep a log of everything fed for 1 weekAdd some exercise into plan

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16
Q

What must be done when designing a nutritional plan for small animals?

A

Calculate exactly what the patient needs and figure how much is actually fed normally

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17
Q

What are the resting energy requirements for for a small animal?

A

70(current body weight)0.7530(body weight)+70

18
Q

What are the maintenance energy requirments for cats and dogs?

A

Cats: neutered - RERx1.2, entire - RERx1.4, active - RERx1.6Dogs: neutered - RERx1.6, entire - RERx1.8, active - RERx2 to 8

19
Q

Which animals should you never start weight loss programmes for?

A

Sick animals

20
Q

What energy requirements should we start with in at risk animals?

A

Maintenance energy requirements

21
Q

What energy requirements should we formulate diet plans to with already obese animals?

A

Resting energy requirements

22
Q

Why can reducing the normal amount of food not be a viable option for a weight loss plan?

A

May reduce other nutrientsAmounts may be so small that clients will feel guilty and not comply

23
Q

What should the target weight loss be no more than in a regimen?

A

2% of body weight per week

24
Q

What should be considered with high protein diets?

A

The impact of the diet on other systems

25
Q

How can cats be tempted to exercise?

A

Play time with toys - 10 minutes of high activityFood placed in toys requiring strenuous activity (should take place of regular meals)

26
Q

Describe the follow up for weight loss plans in small animals

A

Maintain good rapport and constant communicationSet up for several visits and many phone callsMake use of reminder post carsIndividualised reports for motivation

27
Q

What are the most serious nutritional imbalances in small animals?

A

Calcium, phosphorous and vitamin D

28
Q

When are small animals most vulnerable to imbalances?

A

Growth phase

29
Q

Describe nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Diets deficient in calcium, vit. D or with excessive phosphorous result in increased PTHManifests as severe osteopenia and hypocalcaemiaClinically see pathologic fractures, muscle twitching and seizures

30
Q

What are the consequences of excess calcium in a small animal diet?

A

OsteochondrosisPanosteitisRadius curvus syndromeWobbler syndrome

31
Q

What are the consequences of excess vitamin D in a small animal diet?

A

OsteochondrosisRadius Curvus syndrome

32
Q

What are the consequences of excess calcium and phosphorous in a small animal diet?

A

OsteochondrosisRadius Curvus syndrome

33
Q

What are the consequences of calcium deficiency in a small animal diet?

A

HyperparathyroidismPathological fractures

34
Q

What are the consequences of vitamin D deficiency in a small animal diet?

A

RicketsBowed legsPathological fractures

35
Q

What are the consequences of protein deficiency in growing dogs?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

36
Q

What are the consequences of taurine deficiency in cats?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathyRetinal degeneration

37
Q

What are the consequences of thiamine deficency in small animals?

A

Neurological signs

38
Q

What is the most common nutritional disorder that occurs in companion animals?

A

Obesity

39
Q

What are the three steps to effectively managing obese patients?

A

1 - Recognition of obsesity and establishing client commitment2 - Development of a program that meets the needs of the pet and the owner3 - Communication and follow-up with the client

40
Q

What are the three components that should be included in any weight loss programme for small animals?

A

Dietary modificationExercise regimeBehaviour modification

PMVPH (8 decks)

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