Metabolic Processes

Question 1

Ionic Bond

Answer 1

• exchange of electrons that creates a bond

- between a metal and a non-metal

Question 2

Covalent Bond

Answer 2

• two atoms share electrons to create a bond

- between two non-metal

Question 3

Polar

Answer 3

a molecule that has a slightly positive charged end and a slightly negative charged end

Question 4

Non-Polar

Answer 4

a molecule that has no charged ends.

Question 5

Intramolecular Forces

Answer 5

occur with a compound or molecule

Question 6

Intermolecular Forces

Answer 6

occur between molecules and/or ions

weaker than intramolecular forces

Question 7

Enzymes

Answer 7

specialized protein molecules that accelerate/catalyze chemical reactions (function as biological catalysts)

Question 8

Buffers

Answer 8

chemical systems containing a substance that can donate H+ ions when they are required and containing a substance that can remove H+ ions when there are too many in a solution

Question 9

Anabolic

Answer 9

reactions that produce large molecules from smaller subunits

Question 10

Catabolic

Answer 10

reactions that break macromolecules into their individual subunits

Question 11

Condensation Reaction

Answer 11

two smaller molecules are combined together, producing a larger molecule and water

Question 12

Hydrolysis Reaction

Answer 12

water is added to a larger molecule, breaking it into two smaller molecules

Question 13

Isomers

Answer 13

molecules with the same chemical formula but with a different arrangement of atoms

Question 14

Redox Reactions

Answer 14

Oxidation: reaction when an atom gives up electron(s)
Reduction: reaction when an atom gains electrons(s)
(LEO GER)

Question 15

pH

Answer 15

measurement of the concentration of hydronium ions

Question 16

Hydrophilic

Answer 16

water “liking”

Question 17

Hydrophobic

Answer 17

water “repel”

Question 18

Activation Energy

Answer 18

the min. amount of energy that must be supplied for the reaction to occur

Question 19

Competitive Inhibitor

Answer 19

• molecule similar in shape to the substrate that competes for the position on active site of enzyme
• when present on enzyme, rx’n cannot occur

Question 20

Non-competitive Inhibitor

Answer 20

• interacts with enzyme, but usually not at “active site”

- changes shape of enzyme, so that substrate can no longer react with enzyme to give reaction

Question 21

Macromolecule

Answer 21

formed by covalent bonds between monomers

Question 22

Carbohydrate

Answer 22

-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1, CH2O)

Question 23

Pentose/Hexose

Answer 23

sugars that contain 5 carbons/sugars that contain 6 carbons

Question 24

Monosaccharide

Answer 24

• joined by condensation reaction

- hydrolysis break polymers into monomers

Question 25

Disaccharide

Answer 25

-joined by glycosidic bonds (condensation reaction) | sucrose, lactose, maltose

Question 26

Polysaccharide

Answer 26

-giant chains of monosaccharides -connected by glycosidic -serve as energy storage and structural materials (cellulose, starch, glycogen)

Question 27

Lipids

Answer 27

type of organic macromolecule (hydrophobic)

Question 28

Cholesterol

Answer 28

steroid, which is important in cell membranes to maintain their fluidity

Question 29

Monoglyceride

Answer 29

glycerol + 1 fatty acid chain

Question 30

Diglyceride

Answer 30

glycerol + 2 fatty acid chain

Question 31

Triglyceride

Answer 31

glycerol + 3 fatty acid chain

Question 32

Steroids

Answer 32

- highly hydrophobic | - four fused hydrocarbon rings with many different functional groups

Question 33

Proteins

Answer 33

- most diverse and important | - polymers of amino acid

Question 34

Non-Essential

Answer 34

meaning body makes them

Question 35

Essential

Answer 35

meaning you must get them from food

Question 36

Polypeptide

Answer 36

peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between the carboxyl of one amino acid and the hydrogen (from the amino) of another amino acid. (condensation reaction and releases a molecule of water)

Question 37

Nucleic Acids

Answer 37

2 Types: DNA and RNA

Question 38

Nitrogen Bases

Answer 38

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil

Question 39

Nucleotide

Answer 39

consists of a phosphate group, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Question 40

Pyrimindine

Answer 40

single ring structure (u,c,t)

Question 41

Purine

Answer 41

double ring structure (a,g)

Question 42

Osmosis

Answer 42

diffusion of water (through selectively permeable membrane) | -high to low

Question 43

Diffusion

Answer 43

random movement of particles from area of high concentration to low -high to low

Question 44

Facilitative Diffusion

Answer 44

diffusion with help of transport proteins | -high to low

Question 45

Endocytosis

Answer 45

"cell eating" | -forms food vacuole and digests food

Question 46

Exocytosis

Answer 46

forces material out of cell in bulk

Question 47

Pinocytosis

Answer 47

"cell drinking" (endocytosis)

Question 48

Phagocytosis

Answer 48

"cell eating solid" (endocytosis)

Question 49

Prokaryotic

Answer 49

cells possessing no intracellular membrane bound organelles or nucleus

Question 50

Eukaryotic

Answer 50

cells possessing a cell nucleus and other membrane bound organelles