Metabolism

Question 1

Regardless of the type of fuel; whether carbohydrates, fats, or protein, they all come into the body and have three destinations

Answer 1

STORAGE:
Limited amount of glycogen, more amount of protein, and limitless fat
GOODIES:
Cholesterol biosynthesis, FASN, etc.
ENERGY:
Consumed in oxidation

Question 2

All type of fuel leave the body as

Answer 2

They all leave the body as CO2, UREA, H2O

Question 3

Liver:

Donates ________ and __________(starvation) to the brain

Answer 3

GLUCOSE and KETONE BODIES

Question 4

Liver:

Donates______ and ______ to the heart

Answer 4

FAs and KETONE BODIES

Question 5

A HEALTHY HEART USES

Answer 5

FAT, NOT GLUCOSE

Question 6

Liver:

Donates ______, _______ and_______ to skeletal muscle
RECYCLES _______ from muscle via Cori Cycle
RECYCLES _______ from muscle via Cahill Cycle

Answer 6

GLUCOSE + KETONE BODIES + FAs

RECYCLES Lactate from muscle via Cori Cycle
RECYCLES Alanine from muscle via Cahill Cycle

Question 7

Liver:

Donates _______ to RBC
RECYCLES _______from RBC via Cori Cycle

Answer 7

Donates GLUCOSE

RECYCLES Lactate

Question 8

RBCs are

Answer 8

glucose dependent

Question 9

Cancer cells rely on

Answer 9

GLYCOLYSIS

Question 10

CARBS ←→ FAT

________can be used to make NADPH, NADPH is NEEDED for fat synthesis

________ can be converted to GLYCEROL

______ can be split into Acetyl-CoA

Answer 10

GLUCOSE-6-P can be used to make NADPH

DHAP (glycolytic intermediate) can be converted to GLYCEROL

Pyruvate can be split into Acetyl-CoA

Question 11

Acetyl-CoA can become {3}

Answer 11

1. FAs
2. Ketone Bodies
3. Cholesterol synthesis

Question 12

CARBS ←→ PROTEIN
_______ can turn into SERINE
REMEMBER, you can turn SERINE into GLYCINE/CYSTEINE via HOMOCYSTEINE

Pyruvate can turn into ______ (Glycine, Alanine, and Serine)
Glucose is used in the TCA cycle and those TCA cycle intermediates can enter PROTEIN

Answer 12

3-Phosphoglycerate (glycolytic intermediate) can turn into SERINE

Pyruvate can turn into PROTEIN

Question 13

Glucose is used in the TCA cycle and those TCA cycle intermediates can enter

Answer 13

PROTEIN

Question 14

FAT ←→ PROTEIN

Glycerol can be converted to _______which can then be used to make SERINE

Acetyl-CoA (from fat oxidation) can be turned into_____

Answer 14

GLycerol converted to DHAP

Acetyl-CoA turned into A.As

Question 15

Separate by tissue type or even WITHIN a cell

Answer 15

Compartmental Separation

Question 16

Regulatory proteins in pathways are the ones that ______________ the most

Answer 16

TURNOVER

Question 17

Coordination of carbohydrate and fat metabolism occurs via _____________

Answer 17

allosteric control

Question 18

During FASN, Acetyl-CoA (of mitochondria) must be transported to cytoplasm via

Answer 18

CITRATE SHUTTLE

Question 19

While acetyl-CoA needs the shuttle, Citrate will just diffuse across cytoplasm; in the cytoplasm some of it will INHIBIT ____________

Answer 19

PFKI of glycolysis

Question 20

During FASN, Malonyl-CoA is created from

Answer 20

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

Question 21

Malonyl-CoA is used in FASN, but some if it will bind and INHIBIT ___________

Answer 21

the CPT-1 transporter,

Question 22

the Carnitine Transporter that moves FAs_______matrix for oxidation and Carnitine _________ to the cytoplasm to bind FA

Answer 22

the Carnitine Transporter that moves FAs INTO matrix for oxidation
and
Carnitine OUT to the cytoplasm to bind FA

Question 23

Binding of Malonyl-CoA will inhibit the transporter and thus

Answer 23

stop β-Oxidation

Question 24

NET EFFECT IS THAT FASN will inhibit __________ and __________

Answer 24

GLYCOLYSIS and β-Oxidation

Question 25

G-6-P will immediately bind and inhibit

Answer 25

Hexokinase

Question 26

Acetyl-CoA will bind to ___________and stop production of more Acetyl-CoA

Answer 26

PDH

Question 27

Glucagon will cause the formation of ______ which activates PKA; PKA will phosphorylate __________ and HSL

Answer 27

Glucagon will cause the formation of cAMP which activates PKA; PKA will phosphorylate PFKII and HSL

Question 28

p-PFKII will act as a PHOSPHATASE to cleave F-2,6-BP and __________

Answer 28

turn off glycolysis

Question 29

F-2,6-BP is the strongest promoter of

Answer 29

PFKI

Question 30

covalent modification: | Thus, in the starved state removing F-2,6-BP will inactivate glycolysis and will allow ___________to run

Answer 30

GLUCONEOGENESIS

Question 31

HSL will break down TAGs

Answer 31

TAGs into FAs and Glycerol

Question 32

Regulation of Amount of Enzyme: | Upregulation of UREA, A.A Catabolism, and Gluconeogenic enzyme

Answer 32

HIGH PROTEIN

Question 33

Regulation of Amount of Enzyme: | Upregulation of glucose uptake, increase in PPS proteins, and increase in FASN proteins

Answer 33

HIGH CHO

Question 34

Regulation of Amount of Enzyme: | Inhibition of PPS (don’t need NADPH if you have fat) and upregulation of gluconeogenic enzymes

Answer 34

HIGH FAT

Question 35

Within cells: | β-Oxidation occurs in _____________ and FASN occurs in ________

Answer 35

β-Oxidation occurs in mitochondria and FASN occurs in cytoplasm

Question 36

Promotes fuel storage | Promotes growth

Answer 36

insulin

Question 37

Mobilizes fuel | Helps mobilize glucose

Answer 37

Glucagon

Question 38

Mobilizes fuel during ACUTE STRESS

Answer 38

Epinephrine

Question 39

Provides fuel over long-term case

Answer 39

Cortisol

Question 40

Glycogenesis in muscle and liver FASN A.A uptake and protein synthesis

Answer 40

Insulin

Question 41

Stimulates gluconeogenesis Releases FAs from adipose Stimulates A.A. mobilization

Answer 41

Cortisol

Question 42

Activates glycogenolysis to release glucose | Releases FAs from adipose tissues

Answer 42

Epinephrine

Question 43

Activates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis | Releases FAs from adipose tissues

Answer 43

Glucagon

Question 44

inhibits cAMP Phosphodiesterase

Answer 44

CAFFEINE

Question 45

Heterotrimeric G-Protein Receptors or G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR) will span across the membrane 7 times Transmembrane areas are hydrophobic Intracellular domain has G-Protein machinery; extracellular domain is different and provides specificity Summary 1.Receptor will be activated 2. G-Protein will activate 3. G-Protein will activate _________ and form cAMP 4. cAMP will activate PKA 5. cAMP Phosphodiesterase will degrade cAMP to________

Answer 45

Summary 1. Receptor will be activated 2. G-Protein will activate 3. G-Protein will activate Adenylate Cyclase and form cAMP 4. cAMP will activate PKA 5. cAMP Phosphodiesterase will degrade cAMP to 5’-AMP

Question 46

In the ________ form, GDP is bound to the G𝜶; while Gβ and GƔ bind to G𝜶 and keep it

Answer 46

INACTIVE for both parts

Question 47

Ligand binds to GPCR; receptor has GEF that swaps out GDP for GTP on G𝜶 and now G𝜶 becomes

Answer 47

active.

Question 48

Cholera Toxin will ADP-Ribsoylate G𝜶s and thus it will be kept permanently in the

Answer 48

ACTIVE STATE

Question 49

G𝜶 has natural GATPase activity to hydrolyze GTP TO GDP and inactivate it, its activity is helped by __________which will hydrolyze GTP to GDP.

Answer 49

GTPase Activating Proteins

Question 50

G𝜶i will______ adenylate cyclase and thus ________ cAMP

Answer 50

inhibit and reduce

Question 51

Pertussis Toxin exploits G𝜶i by ADP-Ribosylating it and thus permanently __________; leads to continuous adenylate cyclase activity and thus buildup of cAMP

Answer 51

INACTIVATING IT

Question 52

Remember, in general INSULIN will _____________enzymes and GLUCAGON will cause _______________

Answer 52

Remember, in general INSULIN will DEPHOSPHORYLATE enzymes and GLUCAGON will cause PHOSPHORYLATION

Question 53

Glucagon results in the formation of cAMP, cAMP accumulates and activates PKA; PKA will cause the regulation of many metabolic enzymes: _________GLYCOLYSIS (PFKII) ___________GLYCOGENESIS _________GLUCONEOGENESIS ___________ LIPOLYSIS (HSL) __________ GLYCOGENOLYSIS (Glycogen Phosphorylase)

Answer 53

``` DECREASES GLYCOLYSIS (PFKII) DECREASES GLYCOGENESIS INCREASES GLUCONEOGENESIS INCREASES LIPOLYSIS (HSL) INCREASES GLYCOGENOLYSIS (Glycogen Phosphorylase) ```

Question 54

Remember steroid hormones (cortisol) bind to receptors IN the

Answer 54

cytoplasm

Question 55

steroid hormones once bound to ligand

Answer 55

will be moved to the nucleus and affect transcription

Question 56

A fetal heart is DEPENDENT

Answer 56

on GLYCOLYSIS

Question 57

A healthy adult heart can use ALL FORMS of ENERGY, but primarily uses

Answer 57

Fas

Question 58

A failing heart shows _______ use of GLYCOLYSIS and thus _____ ATP formation

Answer 58

increased use of glycolysis and less ATP formation

Question 59

ter birth, the conditions of the neonate change and for a brief period of time _____________ is the primary source of ENERGY

Answer 59

LACTATE OXIDATION

Question 60

After some time, the heart of the child changes and takes on _________ as the primary ENERGY form

Answer 60

β-Oxidation

Question 61

The switch from GLYCOLYSIS to β-Oxidation occurs due to changes in___________

Answer 61

transcriptional regulators

Question 62

Fetal Heart, Pathology, Hypertrophy, Hypoxia, Ischemia ALL cause a _________ in transcription factors PGC-1𝜶, PPAR𝜶, and ERR𝜶

Answer 62

DECREASE

Question 63

Adult Heart, Exercise, Fasting, and Diabetes will promote an ___________ in transcription factors transcription factors PGC-1𝜶, PPAR𝜶, and ERR𝜶

Answer 63

INCREASE

Question 64

The changes in transcription allow for the creation of Malonyl-CoA Decarboxylase (MCD) which turns Malonyl-CoA to Acetyl-CoA; thus STOPPING _____

Answer 64

INHIBITIION β-Oxidation

Question 65

In a diseased heart, ATP comes from Glycolysis and thus results in LESS ATP: LESS ATP means MORE is used in maintaining ion homeostasis and LESS is used in generating force →

Answer 65

REDUCED CARDIAC EFFICIENCY

Question 66

Overall nutritional deficiency associated with WASTING OF MUSCLE and SUBCUTANEOUS FAT; seen in children

Answer 66

Marasmus

Question 67

Protein deficiency characterized by edema in extremities, dermatitis, and bloating Calories are sufficient, but PROTEIN IS INSUFFICIENT

Answer 67

Kwashiorkor

Question 68

Complex hypercatabolic state associated with illness and characterized by muscle loss either WITH or WITHOUT the loss of fat Cytokine related Leads to loss of weight in adults and DEVELOPMENTAL FAILURE in children

Answer 68

Cachexia

Question 69

Exogenous phase

Answer 69

all glucose is derived from diet

Question 70

During hours of 4-16hr, glucose mostly from

Answer 70

glycogen breakdown liver uses FA and sends out glucose protein used for gluconeogenesis

Question 71

During hours 16hr to 28hr, we start using ________ from protein as the main glucose source

Answer 71

gluconeogenesis

Question 72

During hours 28hr to 30 days, ____ drops to conserve it and brains starts to use mostly

Answer 72

Protein usage and brains start to use ketone bodies

Question 73

After 30 days, ________ remains low and brains just uses

Answer 73

GLuconegenesis is low and brains just uses Ketone bodies

Question 74

LIVER is the common area of gluconeogenesis; only small amounts can be made by the kidneys AS STARVATION CONTINUES, the AMOUNT of glucose made by

Answer 74

kidneys WIILL INCREASE

Question 75

Early starvation: The ______ is releasing FAs to send to tissues such as the HEART, LIVER (glycerol for gluconeogenesis), KIDNEY, and MUSCLES

Answer 75

adipose

Question 76

Early Starvation: The __________ are releasing A.As to the liver

Answer 76

muscles

Question 77

Metabolites during fast: 1. ________KB 2. Nitrogen _______ 3. ______Ammonia

Answer 77

Metabolites during fast: 1. increase KB 2. Nitrogen rises, then falls 3. increases Ammonia to conserve cations and prevent ketoacidosis

Question 78

The sudden uptake of minerals while already in a DEPLETED STATE results in a _________ of serum electrolytes, minerals, causes hypophosphatemia, and will manifest with fluid retention

Answer 78

REDUCTION