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BSC2086 > Metabolism and Nutrition > Flashcards

Metabolism and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six main classes of nutrients?

A

water, carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals

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2
Q

What is the main fuel molecule used to make ATP?

A

Glucose

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3
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

Help to activate an enzyme to complete chemical reaction

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4
Q

Which vitamins are made by/in the body?

A

Vitamin D (made in skin) and vitamin K (made by bacteria in large intestine)

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5
Q

List the water soluble vitamins

A

C/B

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6
Q

List the fat soluble vitamins

A

A, K, E, D

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7
Q

Where are the fat soluble vitamins stored?

A

in the live and adipose tissue (can overdose)

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8
Q

What does vitamin C do?

A

antioxidant, required to make collagen

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9
Q

List the coenzymes

A

B1, B2, B3

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10
Q

What does B6 do?

A

Formation of hemglobin

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11
Q

What does B12 do?

A

Makes RBCs

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12
Q

What does folic acid do?

A

normal neural tube development in embryo

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13
Q

What does vitamin A do?

A

health of the eye (cornea and conjunctiva)

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14
Q

What does vitamin K do?

A

makes prothrombin to blood clot

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15
Q

What does vitamin E do

A

antioxidant

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16
Q

What does vitamin D do?

A

calcium absorption

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17
Q

Difference in vitamin K and D?

A

vitamin K is for calcium placement and D is for calcium absorption

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18
Q

Define metabolism

A

all biochemical reactions that occur in the body

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19
Q

Define anabolism

A

reactions of building up –consumes energy

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20
Q

Define catabolism

A

reactions of breaking down–produces energy

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21
Q

What is another word for carbohydrate metabolism?

A

cellular respiration

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22
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

breaks down glucose and produces ATP

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23
Q

Describe the metabolic pathway of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis, linkage reaction, Kreb’s cycle, ECT, oxidative phosphorylation

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24
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

25
Q

What are the substrates and products of glycolysis?

A

Substrate - glucose

Products - 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

26
Q

What are the substrates and products of linkage reaction?

A

Substrate - 2 Pyruvate

Products - 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH

27
Q

What are the substrates and products of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Substrates- 2 Acetyl CoA

Products - 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

28
Q

What are the substrates and products of the electron transport chain?

A

Substrates - 10 NADH, 2 FADH, oxygen

Products - 32-34 ATP, 6 H2O

29
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place?

A

in the matrix of mitochondria

30
Q

Define glycogenesis

A

glucose storage. excess glucose is stored in the liver in the form of glycogen

31
Q

What does insulin do?

A

stimulates hepatocytes and skeletal muscles to make glycogen

32
Q

Define glycogenolysis

A

glucose release. glycogen breakdown–when blood sugar levels decreases, stored glycogen can be turned into glucose to give energy

33
Q

What two factors stimulate glycogenolysis?

A

glucagon and epinephrine

34
Q

Define Gluconeogensis

A

formation of glucose from glycerol or glucogenic amino acids (occurs in the liver)

35
Q

How are amino acids made into glucose?

A

Amino acids go through deamination and are made into pyruvate and then pyruvate is made into glucose

36
Q

What happens during periods of fasting and starvation?

A

cortisol and glucagon are stimulated. glycogen is depleted and blood sugar levels are very low

37
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

in ribosomes

38
Q

Describe difference between essential amino acids and nonessential

A

essential amino acids must be provided through diet but non-essential are produced in the liver

39
Q

Define deamination

A

removal of the amine group

40
Q

How is urea created?

A

amine group turns into ammonia which then turns in urea in the liver and then excreted in urine

41
Q

What does ketogenic enter as?

A

acetyl CoA

42
Q

What does glucogenic enter as?

A

pyruvate

43
Q

Define lipogenesis

A

making fat. liver cells makes tryglycerides from acetyl coa

44
Q

Define lipolysis

A

burning fat. triglycerides are broken down into 3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerol molecule

45
Q

Define ketogenesis

A

using fatty acids to make ATP

46
Q

How will the body make ATP if glucose levels are low?

A

by using fatty acids which turn into acetyl coa which enter the kreb’s cycle

47
Q

How do ketones happen?

A

if body makes more acetyl coa than required to make the ATP needed

48
Q

Define ketosis

A

increased concentration of ketones in the blood

49
Q

Define ketoacidosis

A

dangerously high levels of ketones

50
Q

What makes lipids water soluble?

A

lipoproteins–coating

51
Q

List lipoproteins from lowest density to highest

A

chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

52
Q

What is the bad cholesterol?

A

LDL

53
Q

What is the good cholesterol?

A

HDL

54
Q

List the functions of the liver

A

carb metabolism, fat metabolism, protein metabolism, vitamin metabolism

55
Q

What do pancreatic cells release during the absorptive state?

A

insulin to promote entry of glucose into cells

56
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

rate at which a person uses energy at rest during a day –energy required to sustain life

57
Q

List the three factors of body regulation

A

BMR, exercise, and sympathetic stimulation

58
Q

What controls body temp?

A

hypothalamus

59
Q

What hormones are released when body temp declined/

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

BSC2086 (6 decks)

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