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BSC2086 > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the 1st line of defense?

A

Keep pathogens out

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2
Q

What is the function of the 2nd line of defense?

A

General defense against pathogens that make it in

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3
Q

What is the function of the 3rd line of defense?

A

Memory of previous pathogens and will attack if seen again

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4
Q

What kind of immunity is considered 1st and 2nd line of defense?

A

Nonspecific immunity

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5
Q

What is the main difference between nonspecific and specific immunity?

A

Specific immunity has memory of the pathogens

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6
Q

Describe characteristics of nonspecific immunity

A

present at birth, doesn’t recognize specific pathogen

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7
Q

Desrcibe characteristics of specifc immunity

A

recognizes and attacks foreign substances, keeps memory of the pathogens

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8
Q

Name the 1st line of defense techniques

A

Skin, mucous membranes, chemical secretions, reflexes

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9
Q

How does skin protect?

A

physical barrier, lysozymes break down bacterial cell walls in sweat, acidity of sweat inhibits bacterial growth, sebum is oily and acidic

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10
Q

How do mucous membranes protect?

A

mucus traps dusts and pathogens, respiratory mucosa has cilia which moves dirt and pathogens

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11
Q

What do chemical secretions do?

A

destroy pathogens, stomach juice contains HCl. Saliva, tears, and nasal secretions contain lysozyme, and body openings are acidic

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12
Q

What are your protective reflexes?

A

blinking, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, urination, defecation

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13
Q

Name the 2nd line of defense techniques

A

Leukocytes, antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells, inflammation, fever,

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14
Q

Name the leukocytes involved in the 2nd line of defense

A

neutrophil, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils

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15
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

transported via chemotaxis. they dissolve the basement layer of the capillary to enter infected tissue

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16
Q

Define diapedsis

A

when the neutrophil leaves the capillary to go to the infection site through dissolving the basement layer of the capillary

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17
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

to wander and find pathogens or to gather in a likely place for a pathogen (also uses chemotaxis)

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18
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

destroy allergens and parasites

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19
Q

What is the function of basophils

A

secrete Histamine and Heparin to aid in mobility and actions of WBCs

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20
Q

What is the function of Leukotrienes?

A

activate and attract WBCs

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21
Q

What does Histamine do?

A

vasodilate to increase blood flow

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22
Q

What does Heparin do?

A

inhibits formation of blood clot

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23
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis

A

Infection occurs -> neutrophils/monocytes go to area ->monocytes enlarge and develop into macrophages ->neutrophils attach to capillary and diapedsis happens ->antigen ingested to form phagosome ->phagosome fuses with lysozome ->antigen ingested and exocytosis occurs

24
Q

Define interferon

A

antiviral protein that fills healthy cells to prevent them from being taken over by the virus infecting. helps prevent replication

25
Q

What is the complement system?

A

plasma proteins from blood that attack viruses, bacteria, and parasites and cause bacteria to swell and burst.

26
Q

What is the membrane attack complex?

A

group of proteins form in rings and puts a hole through bacterium.

27
Q

Define Opsonization

A

coating of pathogens to make them more attractive to phagocytes. It stimulates inflammation and binds to basophils

28
Q

Describe the function of natural killer cells

A

circulate blood checking for sick cells, lyse and kill sick cells, attacks a larger number of enemies

29
Q

Define cytolysis

A

Killing of a cell like when granzymes enter and it dies

30
Q

Why does inflammation occur?

A

response to tissue injury

31
Q

List the four signs of inflammation

A

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

32
Q

List the 5 stages of inflammation

A
  1. histamine/heparin are released
  2. hyperemia
  3. vasodilation increases permeability of capillaries
  4. pain may be caused by pressure on nerves or injury of neurons
  5. phagocytic mobilization/containment
  6. tissue repair (increased rate of mitosis)
33
Q

Define hyperemia

A

increased blood flow

34
Q

What is the function of a fever?

A

promotes activity of interferon, kills bacteria/viruses, increases metabolic rate, high fever (+106) denatures proteins

35
Q

List the steps of a fever

A
  1. neutrophils/macrophages secrete pyrogen
  2. pyrogen makes hypothalamus increase body’s temp
  3. bpdy shivers to produce heat and constricts blood vessels
  4. body sweats and dilates skin vessels
36
Q

B cells, T cells, and antibodies are indicators of

A

specific immunity

37
Q

Define immunogloblins

A

antibodies found in plasma and are made by B cells

38
Q

Define specificity

A

each B or T cell has receptors that are antigen-specific

39
Q

Define systemic response

A

lymphocytes that are sensitive to the antigen will clone themselves and spread through the body

40
Q

How does memory work in specific defense?

A

after the initial exposure, lymphocytes make memory cells which then launch a faster and stronger attack against it

41
Q

Define immunocompetence

A

ability of the body to produce normal immune response to an antigen

42
Q

Describe T cells

A
  1. make up 80% of lymphocytes

2. mature in the thymus

43
Q

What are the three types of T cells

A
  1. cytotoxic (CD8+)
  2. helper (CD4+)
  3. suppressor (regulatory)
44
Q

What is the function of the cytotoxic cells?

A

attacks host body infected with virus or cancer

45
Q

What is the function of helper cells?

A

stimulates both B and cytotoxic cells (HIV attacks these )

46
Q

What is the function of supressor cells?

A

modulates immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, prevents autoimmune disease

47
Q

Describe B cells

A
  1. mature in bone marrow
  2. humoral immunity
  3. when stimulated they turn into plasma cells and produce antibodies
48
Q

Define antigen

A

proteins on cells membranes that have to be seen as foreign

49
Q

Define epitope

A

aka antigen determinants. immunogenic. each antigen has multiple epitopes so it can be recognized by many b or t cells

50
Q

When are epitopes presented?

A

During antigen presentation

51
Q

Where do T cells gain specific antigen receptors?

A

in the thymus

52
Q

Where do B cells gain specific receptors?

A

in the bone marrow

53
Q

How many epitopes can each lymphocyte bind to?

A

one

54
Q

Which cells need antigens to be presented to?

A

T cells

55
Q

What are phagocytes usually called and what are they?

A

professional APCs & macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

56
Q

When do normal cells become APCs

A

when they are infected or have cancer

57
Q

What happens with a professional APC encounters a pathogen?

A

it will engulf it, process it, and then display a fragment of the antigen on its surface with MHC II

BSC2086 (6 decks)

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