The Immune System

Question 1

What is the function of the 1st line of defense?

Answer 1

Keep pathogens out

Question 2

What is the function of the 2nd line of defense?

Answer 2

General defense against pathogens that make it in

Question 3

What is the function of the 3rd line of defense?

Answer 3

Memory of previous pathogens and will attack if seen again

Question 4

What kind of immunity is considered 1st and 2nd line of defense?

Answer 4

Nonspecific immunity

Question 5

What is the main difference between nonspecific and specific immunity?

Answer 5

Specific immunity has memory of the pathogens

Question 6

Describe characteristics of nonspecific immunity

Answer 6

present at birth, doesn’t recognize specific pathogen

Question 7

Desrcibe characteristics of specifc immunity

Answer 7

recognizes and attacks foreign substances, keeps memory of the pathogens

Question 8

Name the 1st line of defense techniques

Answer 8

Skin, mucous membranes, chemical secretions, reflexes

Question 9

How does skin protect?

Answer 9

physical barrier, lysozymes break down bacterial cell walls in sweat, acidity of sweat inhibits bacterial growth, sebum is oily and acidic

Question 10

How do mucous membranes protect?

Answer 10

mucus traps dusts and pathogens, respiratory mucosa has cilia which moves dirt and pathogens

Question 11

What do chemical secretions do?

Answer 11

destroy pathogens, stomach juice contains HCl. Saliva, tears, and nasal secretions contain lysozyme, and body openings are acidic

Question 12

What are your protective reflexes?

Answer 12

blinking, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, urination, defecation

Question 13

Name the 2nd line of defense techniques

Answer 13

Leukocytes, antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells, inflammation, fever,

Question 14

Name the leukocytes involved in the 2nd line of defense

Answer 14

neutrophil, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils

Question 15

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 15

transported via chemotaxis. they dissolve the basement layer of the capillary to enter infected tissue

Question 16

Define diapedsis

Answer 16

when the neutrophil leaves the capillary to go to the infection site through dissolving the basement layer of the capillary

Question 17

What is the function of macrophages?

Answer 17

to wander and find pathogens or to gather in a likely place for a pathogen (also uses chemotaxis)

Question 18

What is the function of eosinophils?

Answer 18

destroy allergens and parasites

Question 19

What is the function of basophils

Answer 19

secrete Histamine and Heparin to aid in mobility and actions of WBCs

Question 20

What is the function of Leukotrienes?

Answer 20

activate and attract WBCs

Question 21

What does Histamine do?

Answer 21

vasodilate to increase blood flow

Question 22

What does Heparin do?

Answer 22

inhibits formation of blood clot

Question 23

Describe the process of phagocytosis

Answer 23

Infection occurs -> neutrophils/monocytes go to area ->monocytes enlarge and develop into macrophages ->neutrophils attach to capillary and diapedsis happens ->antigen ingested to form phagosome ->phagosome fuses with lysozome ->antigen ingested and exocytosis occurs

Question 24

Define interferon

Answer 24

antiviral protein that fills healthy cells to prevent them from being taken over by the virus infecting. helps prevent replication

Question 25

What is the complement system?

Answer 25

plasma proteins from blood that attack viruses, bacteria, and parasites and cause bacteria to swell and burst.

Question 26

What is the membrane attack complex?

Answer 26

group of proteins form in rings and puts a hole through bacterium.

Question 27

Define Opsonization

Answer 27

coating of pathogens to make them more attractive to phagocytes. It stimulates inflammation and binds to basophils

Question 28

Describe the function of natural killer cells

Answer 28

circulate blood checking for sick cells, lyse and kill sick cells, attacks a larger number of enemies

Question 29

Define cytolysis

Answer 29

Killing of a cell like when granzymes enter and it dies

Question 30

Why does inflammation occur?

Answer 30

response to tissue injury

Question 31

List the four signs of inflammation

Answer 31

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

Question 32

List the 5 stages of inflammation

Answer 32

1. histamine/heparin are released 2. hyperemia 3. vasodilation increases permeability of capillaries 4. pain may be caused by pressure on nerves or injury of neurons 5. phagocytic mobilization/containment 6. tissue repair (increased rate of mitosis)

Question 33

Define hyperemia

Answer 33

increased blood flow

Question 34

What is the function of a fever?

Answer 34

promotes activity of interferon, kills bacteria/viruses, increases metabolic rate, high fever (+106) denatures proteins

Question 35

List the steps of a fever

Answer 35

1. neutrophils/macrophages secrete pyrogen 2. pyrogen makes hypothalamus increase body's temp 3. bpdy shivers to produce heat and constricts blood vessels 4. body sweats and dilates skin vessels

Question 36

B cells, T cells, and antibodies are indicators of

Answer 36

specific immunity

Question 37

Define immunogloblins

Answer 37

antibodies found in plasma and are made by B cells

Question 38

Define specificity

Answer 38

each B or T cell has receptors that are antigen-specific

Question 39

Define systemic response

Answer 39

lymphocytes that are sensitive to the antigen will clone themselves and spread through the body

Question 40

How does memory work in specific defense?

Answer 40

after the initial exposure, lymphocytes make memory cells which then launch a faster and stronger attack against it

Question 41

Define immunocompetence

Answer 41

ability of the body to produce normal immune response to an antigen

Question 42

Describe T cells

Answer 42

1. make up 80% of lymphocytes | 2. mature in the thymus

Question 43

What are the three types of T cells

Answer 43

1. cytotoxic (CD8+) 2. helper (CD4+) 3. suppressor (regulatory)

Question 44

What is the function of the cytotoxic cells?

Answer 44

attacks host body infected with virus or cancer

Question 45

What is the function of helper cells?

Answer 45

stimulates both B and cytotoxic cells (HIV attacks these )

Question 46

What is the function of supressor cells?

Answer 46

modulates immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, prevents autoimmune disease

Question 47

Describe B cells

Answer 47

1. mature in bone marrow 2. humoral immunity 3. when stimulated they turn into plasma cells and produce antibodies

Question 48

Define antigen

Answer 48

proteins on cells membranes that have to be seen as foreign

Question 49

Define epitope

Answer 49

aka antigen determinants. immunogenic. each antigen has multiple epitopes so it can be recognized by many b or t cells

Question 50

When are epitopes presented?

Answer 50

During antigen presentation

Question 51

Where do T cells gain specific antigen receptors?

Answer 51

in the thymus

Question 52

Where do B cells gain specific receptors?

Answer 52

in the bone marrow

Question 53

How many epitopes can each lymphocyte bind to?

Answer 53

one

Question 54

Which cells need antigens to be presented to?

Answer 54

T cells

Question 55

What are phagocytes usually called and what are they?

Answer 55

professional APCs & macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

Question 56

When do normal cells become APCs

Answer 56

when they are infected or have cancer

Question 57

What happens with a professional APC encounters a pathogen?

Answer 57

it will engulf it, process it, and then display a fragment of the antigen on its surface with MHC II