Metabolism-CH2O and ATP

Question 1

T/F ATP is found in select cells

Answer 1

F

All cells

Question 2

What makes up ATP

Answer 2

Adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate radicals

Question 3

Where is ATP present in cell

Answer 3

Cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of all cells

Question 4

Energy currency of the body

Answer 4

ATP

Question 5

90% of CH2O are used for

Answer 5

Production of ATP

Question 6

What is final common pathway for transport of almost all carbs to tissue cells

Answer 6

Glucose

Question 7

Where are large amounts of glucose phosphatase located?

Answer 7

Liver cells

Question 8

Glucose-6-P degrades into what? How?

Answer 8

Glucose and phosphate via glucose phosphatase

Question 9

How do monosaccharides diffuse through cell membrane?

Answer 9

Combine with glucose transporters, GLUT, to pass through membrane via facilitated diffusion

Question 10

What increases facilitated diffusion of glucose?

Answer 10

Insulin

Example: After you eat a meal, insulin binds to insulin receptor and more GLUT goes to cell membrane to receive glucose.

Question 11

What phosphorylates glucose?

Answer 11

Glucokinase

Question 12

What are the 2 fates of glucose?

Answer 12

Made into G6P and then…

• Storage=turned into glycogen
• Make ATP=goes through glycolysis

Question 13

What can store large quantities of glycogen?

Answer 13

Liver and muscle

Question 14

Glycogenesis

Answer 14

Process of glycogen formation

Question 15

Glycogenolysis

Answer 15

Process of glycogen breakdown to re-form glucose

***NOT reverse of glycogenesis

Question 16

Explain glycogenolysis

Answer 16

Glucose molecule on each branch of glycogen polymer is split away via phosphrylation by phosphorylase which is inactive under resting conditions.

Question 17

When is phosphorylase inactive?

Answer 17

Resting conditions

Question 18

What can activate phosphorylase?

Answer 18

Epinephrine and glucagon
–>Increases cAMP which initiates cascade of chemical rxns that activates phosphorylase.

-Increase of glucagon when meals are missed. See more glycogen breakdown to makes glucose for E

Question 19

4 broad steps to make ATP

Answer 19

1-Glycolysis
2-Acetly-CoA formation
3-Citirc acid cycle
4-Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 20

How much ATP is made from one mole of glucose

Answer 20

38

Question 21

Glycolysis uses one glucose molecule to make in how many steps

Answer 21

2 pyruvic acid
2 ATP
4 H

In 10 steps

Question 22

The 2 pyruvic acids made from glycolysis will make

Answer 22

2 acetyl-CoA
2 CO2
4H (will go through oxidative phosphorlatino to make 6 ATP)

Question 23

2 Acetyl-CoA will then go through CAC to make

Answer 23

4 CO2
16H
2 CoA
2 ATP

Question 24

When is 95% of ATP made?

Answer 24

Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria via chemiosmotic mechanism

Question 25

Explain how ATP is formed

Answer 25

E from H ions are used by ATP synthetase to convert ADP to ATP. For eaach 2 H atoms used in ETS, 3 molecules ATP made.

Question 26

Explain hydrogen packets

Answer 26

24 H are made from steps 1-3 to make ATP. These H come together in packets of 2 20/24 H will undergo dehydrogenase rxn and make NADH + H+ 4/24 H will use DIFFERENT DEHYDROGENASE and enter OP AFTER 20/24 H make NADH + H+. -->These 4 H+ directly crosses outer mem to join directly w/6H from packets to make 4 ATP.

Question 27

Explain ETS

Answer 27

NADH + H+ from dehydrogenase rxn from hydrogen packets will be broken down into NAD+ and H+ and 2e- will be released to go through ETS and make H+ gradients to make E to make ATP.

Question 28

Give summary of ATP formation

Answer 28

2 ATP from glycolysis 2 ATP from CAC 34 ATP from OP

Question 29

Anaerobic glycolysis produces | -importance/

Answer 29

Lactic acid | -Creates lactate sinkhole which allows glycolysis to process but is very expensive.

Question 30

Pentose Phosphate Shunt

Answer 30

An alternative way to breakdown glucose (30%) - C atom removed from glucose to make CO2 and H - H enters OP to make ATP -Only 1/2 amt of H+ will go to OP (12H) Other 12 H wil go make FA

Question 31

Gluconeogenesis when there is low CH2O storage

Answer 31

Glucose can be made via AA and glycerol portion of fat

Question 32

What % of AA can be converted into CH2O

Answer 32

60%

Question 33

What can increase rate of gluconeogenesis?

Answer 33

Low lvl of CH2O | Decrease in blood glucose