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Metallurgy Flashcards

1
Q

What are Ferrous Metals?

A

Metals that have iron as the major ingredient and are usually magnetic

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2
Q

Punches, dies, shears blades, cutting tools all have high what?

What are some names for this steel?

A
  • Carbon content in the steel.
  • High speed steel, tool steel.
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3
Q

What are Non-ferrous Metals?

A

Metals that do not have large amounts of iron in them.

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4
Q

Name 3 examples of Non-ferrous metals.

A

Brass, lead, copper, zinc, aluminum, magnesium.

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5
Q

Which metal is non-ferrous but has magnetic properties?

A

Nickel

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6
Q

What is the difference between hot rolled steel and cold rolled steel visually?

A

Hot rolled has black mill scale on the outside while cold rolled has a shiny smooth surface.

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7
Q

What metals have these weights?

A
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8
Q

Can you cast aluminum into parts?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What is hardness?

A

The ability of a metal to resist penetration and plastic deformation.

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10
Q

Give two examples of hard materials

A

Ceramic, carbide

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11
Q

What is Ductility?

A

The ability of a material to be stretched perminently without breaking.

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12
Q

What is toughness?

A

The ability of metal to withstand shock and impact without breaking.

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13
Q

What is Tensile Strength?

A

The ability to withstand pull without breaking.

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14
Q

What is Machinability?

A

The ease with which you can cut and shape metal.

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15
Q

How is Hot-Rolled Steel produced?

A

By drawing red-hot billets through the rollers.

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16
Q

Which is the least expensive cold or hot-rolled steel?

A

Hot-Rolled Steel

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17
Q

How is cold-rolled steel produced?

A

By cleaning the scale from hot rolled billets and then drawing them through rollers or dies until the desired shape and size are reached.

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18
Q

Cold-Rolled steel has what problem?

A

Internal Stresses which causes cold-rolled steel to warp during any machining.

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19
Q

What is Brass?

A

A mixture of copper and zinc.

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20
Q

Carbon Steel with 1.7% Carbon is considered to be what?

A

Cast Iron

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21
Q

How much carbon is Low Carbon Steel considered to have?

Can it be hardened?

A
  • 0.02 - 0.30% Carbon
  • No, except for casehardening
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22
Q

How much carbon is Medium Carbon Steel considered to have?

A
  • 0.30 - 0.60%
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23
Q

How much carbon is High Carbon Steel considered to have?

Where is it found?

A
  • Over 0.60%
  • Meant to be hardened and found in cutting tools (taps, drills)
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24
Q

Alloy Steel contains what?

A

Carbon, Iron and other significant amounts of elements to give the steel mechanical properties.

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25
Q

What is HSLA Steel?

What are its properties?

What is it used for?

A
  • High Strength Low Alloy Steel
  • Low Carbon Structural steel. The rust that forms on the outside is impervious to water and prevents further rust.
  • Bridges, Truck trailers, structures exposed to enviroment.
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26
Q

What are the four heat treating processes for steel?

A
  • Hardening
  • Tempering
  • Annealing
  • Normalizing
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27
Q

Only steel with a carbon content of at least ___ can be hardened

A
  • 0.20%
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28
Q

What are special types of Alloy Steels?

A
  • High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA)
  • Quench and Temper Structural Steel
  • Maraging Steel
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29
Q

What is Maraging Steel?

What is so special about it?

A
  • Steel that uses elements other then Carbon for hardening. In fact carbon is considered a impurity.
  • Intricate shapes can be machined and then hardened without fear of distortion. Easy to weld.
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30
Q

What makes Stainless Steel corrosion resistant?

A

Large amounts of Chromium

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31
Q

What are three types of Stainless Steels?

A
  • Austenitic
  • Ferritic
  • Martensitic
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32
Q

What is Bronze?

A

Any copper alloy other then Brass

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33
Q

Which is stronger Bronze or Brass

A

Brass

34
Q

What should you watch out for with Berylium Bronze?

A

The particales produced during machining are toxic to touch and inhale.

35
Q

What are three atom structures for steel?

A
  • Soft Steel: Pearlite
  • Hardened Steel: Martensite
  • Red Hot: Austenite
36
Q

The hardening temperature varies with the __________ content of the steel.

Generally the higher the ______ content the ________________________.

A
  • Carbon
  • the higher the Carbon content the lower the hardening temperature.
37
Q

What is Quenching?

Why?

A
  • After heated sufficiently the material must be immersed in water, oil, air or brine immediately until cooled and hardened.
  • If allowed to slowly cool it reverts to pearlite instead of martensite.
38
Q

Moving the workpiece around in a figure eight pattern during quenching does what?

A

Ensure workpiece is cooled evenly.

39
Q

What happens after steel has been quenched?

What step helps this after?

A
  • The steel is very brittle and has internal stresses and strains caused by the severe quench.
  • Tempering
40
Q

What is tempering?

A

Immediately after quenching a piece heat the material to a temperature below the lower critical temerature and then allow the steel to cool at any desired rate.

41
Q

What happens if you do not temper a piece immediately?

A

It will crack.

42
Q

When tempering hardness decreases as _____________.

A

Tempering time and temperature increase.

43
Q

Tempering does what?

A

Gives the piece Toughness

44
Q

What is a more efficient way to temper a piece then torch?

A

Heating the piece in oil, sand or a salt or lead bath.

45
Q

What is Full Annealing?

A

The opposite of hardening. It converts Martensitic steel to Pearlite. Make materials soft again for machining.

46
Q

How does full annealing work?

A

Heat piece to above upper critical temperature for steels with less than 0.85% carbon or above lower critical limit for steels with more than 0.85% carbon. Steel is allowed to cool slowly.

47
Q

What is Process Annealing?

How is it done?

A
  • Related to full anealing but is used to restore ductility.
  • Heat piece below the lower critical temperature point, hold it for a period of time and then let it air cool.
48
Q

What is Normalizing?

A

The process that eliminates strains and restores the proper grain structure of steel.

49
Q

How is normalizing done?

A

By heating the piece above its upper critical temperature and then allowing it to cool in air.

50
Q

What are two ways of testing hardness?

A
  • Rockwell Hardness Testing
  • Brinell Hardness Testing
51
Q

What is Rockwell Hardness Testing considered to be?

A

Destructive Testing.

52
Q

How does a Brinell Hardness Test work?

A

Uses a hydraulic press to force a round penetrator into ferrous or non-ferrous specimens.

53
Q

What are four ways other than weight, shape or other visual means of identifying materials?

A
  • Chip Test
  • Spark Test
  • File Test
  • Flame Test
54
Q

Do all metals spark?

A

No, non-ferrous metals usually do not. But Nickel and Titanium do.

55
Q

What is a spark test usually used to test?

A

To find the carbon content in steels and distinguish between a cast steel and a cast iron.

56
Q

What do Low Carbon Steel Sparks look like?

What is Low Carbon Steel also known as?

A
  • Bright
  • Long
  • Straight
  • Yellowish
  • Very little branching
  • Few Carbon Bursts
  • Mild Steel
57
Q

What do High Carbon Sparks look like?

A
  • Sparks Burst
  • Branch Off
  • Dark Yellow-orange
  • Bursts Nearer to wheel
  • Sparks curl around wheel
58
Q

What do cast iron sparks look like?

A
  • Many Bursts
  • Red near grinder and orange-yellow further out.
  • Stream not as long as carbon steels
  • Apply considerable pressure for sparks
59
Q

What do High Speed Steel sparks look like?

A
  • Lines orange
  • Very little branching
  • End up in ball shaped sparks
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